Essentials: Using Salt to Optimize Mental & Physical Performance
3/26/202638 mincomplete
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:16Medicine. Today, we are going to discuss salt, also referred to as sodium.
0:16Medicine. Today, we are going to discuss salt, also referred to as sodium.
0:16Medicine. Today, we are going to discuss salt, also referred to as sodium.
0:16Medicine. Today, we are going to discuss salt, also referred to as sodium.
0:16Medicine. Today, we are going to discuss salt, also referred to as sodium.
0:21Salt has many, many important functions in the brain and body.
0:21Salt has many, many important functions in the brain and body.
0:21Salt has many, many important functions in the brain and body.
0:21Salt has many, many important functions in the brain and body.
0:21Salt has many, many important functions in the brain and body.
0:24For instance, it regulates fluid balance, how much fluid you desire and how much fluid
0:24For instance, it regulates fluid balance, how much fluid you desire and how much fluid
0:24For instance, it regulates fluid balance, how much fluid you desire and how much fluid
0:24For instance, it regulates fluid balance, how much fluid you desire and how much fluid
0:24For instance, it regulates fluid balance, how much fluid you desire and how much fluid
0:30you excrete. Salt also regulates your appetite for other nutrients, things like sugar, things like
0:30you excrete. Salt also regulates your appetite for other nutrients, things like sugar, things like
0:30you excrete. Salt also regulates your appetite for other nutrients, things like sugar, things like
0:30you excrete. Salt also regulates your appetite for other nutrients, things like sugar, things like
0:30you excrete. Salt also regulates your appetite for other nutrients, things like sugar, things like
0:36carbohydrates. We all harbor small sets of neurons.
0:36carbohydrates. We all harbor small sets of neurons.
0:36carbohydrates. We all harbor small sets of neurons.
0:36carbohydrates. We all harbor small sets of neurons.
0:36carbohydrates. We all harbor small sets of neurons.
0:40We call these sets of neurons nuclei, meaning little clusters of neurons that sense the
0:40We call these sets of neurons nuclei, meaning little clusters of neurons that sense the
0:40We call these sets of neurons nuclei, meaning little clusters of neurons that sense the
0:40We call these sets of neurons nuclei, meaning little clusters of neurons that sense the
0:40We call these sets of neurons nuclei, meaning little clusters of neurons that sense the
0:46levels of salt in our brain and body.
0:46levels of salt in our brain and body.
0:46levels of salt in our brain and body.
0:46levels of salt in our brain and body.
0:46levels of salt in our brain and body.
0:49There are a couple of brain regions that do this, and these brain regions are
0:49There are a couple of brain regions that do this, and these brain regions are
0:49There are a couple of brain regions that do this, and these brain regions are
0:49There are a couple of brain regions that do this, and these brain regions are
0:49There are a couple of brain regions that do this, and these brain regions are
0:53very, very special. Special because they lack biological fences around them that other brain areas
0:53very, very special. Special because they lack biological fences around them that other brain areas
0:53very, very special. Special because they lack biological fences around them that other brain areas
0:53very, very special. Special because they lack biological fences around them that other brain areas
0:53very, very special. Special because they lack biological fences around them that other brain areas
0:59have. And those fences, or I should say that fence, goes by a particular name,
0:59have. And those fences, or I should say that fence, goes by a particular name,
0:59have. And those fences, or I should say that fence, goes by a particular name,
0:59have. And those fences, or I should say that fence, goes by a particular name,
0:59have. And those fences, or I should say that fence, goes by a particular name,
1:04and that name is the blood -brain barrier, or BBB.
1:04and that name is the blood -brain barrier, or BBB.
1:04and that name is the blood -brain barrier, or BBB.
1:04and that name is the blood -brain barrier, or BBB.
1:04and that name is the blood -brain barrier, or BBB.
1:08Most substances that are circulating around in your body do not have access to the
1:08Most substances that are circulating around in your body do not have access to the
1:08Most substances that are circulating around in your body do not have access to the
1:08Most substances that are circulating around in your body do not have access to the
1:08Most substances that are circulating around in your body do not have access to the
1:13brain, in particular, large molecules.
1:13brain, in particular, large molecules.
1:13brain, in particular, large molecules.
1:13brain, in particular, large molecules.
1:13brain, in particular, large molecules.
1:15Can't just pass into the brain.
1:15Can't just pass into the brain.
1:15Can't just pass into the brain.
1:15Can't just pass into the brain.
1:15Can't just pass into the brain.
1:17The brain is a privileged organ in this sense.
1:17The brain is a privileged organ in this sense.
1:17The brain is a privileged organ in this sense.
1:17The brain is a privileged organ in this sense.
1:17The brain is a privileged organ in this sense.
1:19However, there are a couple of regions in the brain that have a fence around
1:19However, there are a couple of regions in the brain that have a fence around
1:19However, there are a couple of regions in the brain that have a fence around
1:19However, there are a couple of regions in the brain that have a fence around
1:19However, there are a couple of regions in the brain that have a fence around
1:26them, but that fence is weaker.
1:26them, but that fence is weaker.
1:26them, but that fence is weaker.
1:26them, but that fence is weaker.
1:26them, but that fence is weaker.
1:27And it turns out that the areas of the brain that monitor salt balance and
1:27And it turns out that the areas of the brain that monitor salt balance and
1:27And it turns out that the areas of the brain that monitor salt balance and
1:27And it turns out that the areas of the brain that monitor salt balance and
1:27And it turns out that the areas of the brain that monitor salt balance and
1:32other features of what's happening in the body at the level of what we call
1:32other features of what's happening in the body at the level of what we call
1:32other features of what's happening in the body at the level of what we call
1:32other features of what's happening in the body at the level of what we call
1:32other features of what's happening in the body at the level of what we call
1:36osmolarity, at the concentration of salt, reside in these little sets of neurons that sit
1:36osmolarity, at the concentration of salt, reside in these little sets of neurons that sit
1:36osmolarity, at the concentration of salt, reside in these little sets of neurons that sit
1:36osmolarity, at the concentration of salt, reside in these little sets of neurons that sit
1:36osmolarity, at the concentration of salt, reside in these little sets of neurons that sit
1:45just on the other side of these weak fences.
1:45just on the other side of these weak fences.
1:45just on the other side of these weak fences.
1:45just on the other side of these weak fences.
1:45just on the other side of these weak fences.
1:47And the most important and famous of these for the sake of today's conversation is
1:47And the most important and famous of these for the sake of today's conversation is
1:47And the most important and famous of these for the sake of today's conversation is
1:47And the most important and famous of these for the sake of today's conversation is
1:47And the most important and famous of these for the sake of today's conversation is
1:52one called OVLT. OVLT stands for the organum vasculosum of the lateral terminalis.
1:52one called OVLT. OVLT stands for the organum vasculosum of the lateral terminalis.
1:52one called OVLT. OVLT stands for the organum vasculosum of the lateral terminalis.
1:52one called OVLT. OVLT stands for the organum vasculosum of the lateral terminalis.
1:52one called OVLT. OVLT stands for the organum vasculosum of the lateral terminalis.
1:58The neurons in that region are able to pay attention to what's passing through in
1:58The neurons in that region are able to pay attention to what's passing through in
1:58The neurons in that region are able to pay attention to what's passing through in
1:58The neurons in that region are able to pay attention to what's passing through in
1:58The neurons in that region are able to pay attention to what's passing through in
2:04the bloodstream and can detect, for instance, if the levels of sodium in the bloodstream
2:04the bloodstream and can detect, for instance, if the levels of sodium in the bloodstream
2:04the bloodstream and can detect, for instance, if the levels of sodium in the bloodstream
2:04the bloodstream and can detect, for instance, if the levels of sodium in the bloodstream
2:04the bloodstream and can detect, for instance, if the levels of sodium in the bloodstream
2:08are too low, is going to be a very largo releg tampoco.
2:08are too low, is going to be a very largo releg tampoco.
2:08are too low, is going to be a very largo releg tampoco.
2:08are too low, is going to be a very largo releg tampoco.
2:08are too low, is going to be a very largo releg tampoco.
2:09So to the nations that are equal to no people, if the lower function is
2:09So to the nations that are equal to no people, if the lower function is
2:09So to the nations that are equal to no people, if the lower function is
2:09So to the nations that are equal to no people, if the lower function is
2:09So to the nations that are equal to no people, if the lower function is
2:09level of blood pressure in the body is too low or too high.
2:09level of blood pressure in the body is too low or too high.
2:09level of blood pressure in the body is too low or too high.
2:09level of blood pressure in the body is too low or too high.
2:09level of blood pressure in the body is too low or too high.
2:12And then the OVLT can send signals to other brain areas.
2:12And then the OVLT can send signals to other brain areas.
2:12And then the OVLT can send signals to other brain areas.
2:12And then the OVLT can send signals to other brain areas.
2:12And then the OVLT can send signals to other brain areas.
2:17And then those other brain areas can do things like release hormones that can go
2:17And then those other brain areas can do things like release hormones that can go
2:17And then those other brain areas can do things like release hormones that can go
2:17And then those other brain areas can do things like release hormones that can go
2:17And then those other brain areas can do things like release hormones that can go
2:21and act on tissues in what we call the periphery in the body.
2:21and act on tissues in what we call the periphery in the body.
2:21and act on tissues in what we call the periphery in the body.
2:21and act on tissues in what we call the periphery in the body.
2:21and act on tissues in what we call the periphery in the body.
2:25For instance, have the kidneys secrete more urine to get rid of salt, that's excessive
2:25For instance, have the kidneys secrete more urine to get rid of salt, that's excessive
2:25For instance, have the kidneys secrete more urine to get rid of salt, that's excessive
2:25For instance, have the kidneys secrete more urine to get rid of salt, that's excessive
2:25For instance, have the kidneys secrete more urine to get rid of salt, that's excessive
2:31salt in the body. So let's talk about the function of the OVLT and flesh
2:31salt in the body. So let's talk about the function of the OVLT and flesh
2:31salt in the body. So let's talk about the function of the OVLT and flesh
2:31salt in the body. So let's talk about the function of the OVLT and flesh
2:31salt in the body. So let's talk about the function of the OVLT and flesh
2:35out some of the other aspects of its circuitry, of its communication with other brain
2:35out some of the other aspects of its circuitry, of its communication with other brain
2:35out some of the other aspects of its circuitry, of its communication with other brain
2:35out some of the other aspects of its circuitry, of its communication with other brain
2:35out some of the other aspects of its circuitry, of its communication with other brain
2:40areas and with the body in the context of something that we are all familiar
2:40areas and with the body in the context of something that we are all familiar
2:40areas and with the body in the context of something that we are all familiar
2:40areas and with the body in the context of something that we are all familiar
2:40areas and with the body in the context of something that we are all familiar
2:43with, which is thirst. Have you ever wondered just why you get thirsty?
2:43with, which is thirst. Have you ever wondered just why you get thirsty?
2:43with, which is thirst. Have you ever wondered just why you get thirsty?
2:43with, which is thirst. Have you ever wondered just why you get thirsty?
2:43with, which is thirst. Have you ever wondered just why you get thirsty?
2:47Well, it's because neurons in your OVLT are detecting changes in your bloodstream, which detect
2:47Well, it's because neurons in your OVLT are detecting changes in your bloodstream, which detect
2:47Well, it's because neurons in your OVLT are detecting changes in your bloodstream, which detect
2:47Well, it's because neurons in your OVLT are detecting changes in your bloodstream, which detect
2:47Well, it's because neurons in your OVLT are detecting changes in your bloodstream, which detect
2:54global changes within your body.
2:54global changes within your body.
2:54global changes within your body.
2:54global changes within your body.
2:54global changes within your body.
2:56And in response to that, your OVLT sets off certain events within your brain and
2:56And in response to that, your OVLT sets off certain events within your brain and
2:56And in response to that, your OVLT sets off certain events within your brain and
2:56And in response to that, your OVLT sets off certain events within your brain and
2:56And in response to that, your OVLT sets off certain events within your brain and
3:02body that make you either want to drink more fluid or to stop drinking fluid.
3:02body that make you either want to drink more fluid or to stop drinking fluid.
3:02body that make you either want to drink more fluid or to stop drinking fluid.
3:02body that make you either want to drink more fluid or to stop drinking fluid.
3:02body that make you either want to drink more fluid or to stop drinking fluid.
3:08There are two main kinds of thirst.
3:08There are two main kinds of thirst.
3:08There are two main kinds of thirst.
3:08There are two main kinds of thirst.
3:08There are two main kinds of thirst.
3:10The first one is called osmotic thirst, and the second is called hypovolemic thirst.
3:10The first one is called osmotic thirst, and the second is called hypovolemic thirst.
3:10The first one is called osmotic thirst, and the second is called hypovolemic thirst.
3:10The first one is called osmotic thirst, and the second is called hypovolemic thirst.
3:10The first one is called osmotic thirst, and the second is called hypovolemic thirst.
3:17Osmotic thirst has to do with the concentration of salt in your bloodstream.
3:17Osmotic thirst has to do with the concentration of salt in your bloodstream.
3:17Osmotic thirst has to do with the concentration of salt in your bloodstream.
3:17Osmotic thirst has to do with the concentration of salt in your bloodstream.
3:17Osmotic thirst has to do with the concentration of salt in your bloodstream.
3:21So let's say you ingest something very, very salty.
3:21So let's say you ingest something very, very salty.
3:21So let's say you ingest something very, very salty.
3:21So let's say you ingest something very, very salty.
3:21So let's say you ingest something very, very salty.
3:23Let's say you ingest, you know, a big bag of, I confess I don't eat
3:23Let's say you ingest, you know, a big bag of, I confess I don't eat
3:23Let's say you ingest, you know, a big bag of, I confess I don't eat
3:23Let's say you ingest, you know, a big bag of, I confess I don't eat
3:23Let's say you ingest, you know, a big bag of, I confess I don't eat
3:27these very often, but I really like those kettle potato chips.
3:27these very often, but I really like those kettle potato chips.
3:27these very often, but I really like those kettle potato chips.
3:27these very often, but I really like those kettle potato chips.
3:27these very often, but I really like those kettle potato chips.
3:29And I don't have too much shame about that because I think I have a
3:29And I don't have too much shame about that because I think I have a
3:29And I don't have too much shame about that because I think I have a
3:29And I don't have too much shame about that because I think I have a
3:29And I don't have too much shame about that because I think I have a
3:33pretty healthy relationship to food, and I enjoy them, and I understand that it will
3:33pretty healthy relationship to food, and I enjoy them, and I understand that it will
3:33pretty healthy relationship to food, and I enjoy them, and I understand that it will
3:33pretty healthy relationship to food, and I enjoy them, and I understand that it will
3:33pretty healthy relationship to food, and I enjoy them, and I understand that it will
3:38drive salt levels up in my bloodstream, and that will cause me to be thirsty.
3:38drive salt levels up in my bloodstream, and that will cause me to be thirsty.
3:38drive salt levels up in my bloodstream, and that will cause me to be thirsty.
3:38drive salt levels up in my bloodstream, and that will cause me to be thirsty.
3:38drive salt levels up in my bloodstream, and that will cause me to be thirsty.
3:43But why? Why? Because neurons in the OVLT come in two main varieties.
3:43But why? Why? Because neurons in the OVLT come in two main varieties.
3:43But why? Why? Because neurons in the OVLT come in two main varieties.
3:43But why? Why? Because neurons in the OVLT come in two main varieties.
3:43But why? Why? Because neurons in the OVLT come in two main varieties.
3:48One variety senses the osmolarity of the blood, and when the osmolarity, meaning the salt
3:48One variety senses the osmolarity of the blood, and when the osmolarity, meaning the salt
3:48One variety senses the osmolarity of the blood, and when the osmolarity, meaning the salt
3:48One variety senses the osmolarity of the blood, and when the osmolarity, meaning the salt
3:48One variety senses the osmolarity of the blood, and when the osmolarity, meaning the salt
3:55concentration in the blood, is high, it activates these specific neurons in the OVLT.
3:55concentration in the blood, is high, it activates these specific neurons in the OVLT.
3:55concentration in the blood, is high, it activates these specific neurons in the OVLT.
3:55concentration in the blood, is high, it activates these specific neurons in the OVLT.
3:55concentration in the blood, is high, it activates these specific neurons in the OVLT.
4:00And by activates, I mean it causes them to send electrical potentials, literally send electrical
4:00And by activates, I mean it causes them to send electrical potentials, literally send electrical
4:00And by activates, I mean it causes them to send electrical potentials, literally send electrical
4:00And by activates, I mean it causes them to send electrical potentials, literally send electrical
4:00And by activates, I mean it causes them to send electrical potentials, literally send electrical
4:06signals to other brain areas, and those other brain areas inspire a number of different
4:06signals to other brain areas, and those other brain areas inspire a number of different
4:06signals to other brain areas, and those other brain areas inspire a number of different
4:06signals to other brain areas, and those other brain areas inspire a number of different
4:06signals to other brain areas, and those other brain areas inspire a number of different
4:11downstream events. The consequence of that communication is that a particular hormone is eventually released
4:11downstream events. The consequence of that communication is that a particular hormone is eventually released
4:11downstream events. The consequence of that communication is that a particular hormone is eventually released
4:11downstream events. The consequence of that communication is that a particular hormone is eventually released
4:11downstream events. The consequence of that communication is that a particular hormone is eventually released
4:19from... The posterior pituitary. So from the pituitary, there's a hormonal signal that's released called
4:19from... The posterior pituitary. So from the pituitary, there's a hormonal signal that's released called
4:19from... The posterior pituitary. So from the pituitary, there's a hormonal signal that's released called
4:19from... The posterior pituitary. So from the pituitary, there's a hormonal signal that's released called
4:19from... The posterior pituitary. So from the pituitary, there's a hormonal signal that's released called
4:26vasopressin. Vasopressin also goes by the name antidiuretic hormone, and antidiuretic hormone has the capacity
4:26vasopressin. Vasopressin also goes by the name antidiuretic hormone, and antidiuretic hormone has the capacity
4:26vasopressin. Vasopressin also goes by the name antidiuretic hormone, and antidiuretic hormone has the capacity
4:26vasopressin. Vasopressin also goes by the name antidiuretic hormone, and antidiuretic hormone has the capacity
4:26vasopressin. Vasopressin also goes by the name antidiuretic hormone, and antidiuretic hormone has the capacity
4:36to either restrict the amount of urine that we secrete, or when that system is
4:36to either restrict the amount of urine that we secrete, or when that system is
4:36to either restrict the amount of urine that we secrete, or when that system is
4:36to either restrict the amount of urine that we secrete, or when that system is
4:36to either restrict the amount of urine that we secrete, or when that system is
4:42turned off, to increase the amount of urine that we secrete.
4:42turned off, to increase the amount of urine that we secrete.
4:42turned off, to increase the amount of urine that we secrete.
4:42turned off, to increase the amount of urine that we secrete.
4:42turned off, to increase the amount of urine that we secrete.
4:46So there's a complicated set of cascades that's evoked by having high salt concentration in
4:46So there's a complicated set of cascades that's evoked by having high salt concentration in
4:46So there's a complicated set of cascades that's evoked by having high salt concentration in
4:46So there's a complicated set of cascades that's evoked by having high salt concentration in
4:46So there's a complicated set of cascades that's evoked by having high salt concentration in
4:52the blood. There's also a complicated set of cascades that are evoked by having low
4:52the blood. There's also a complicated set of cascades that are evoked by having low
4:52the blood. There's also a complicated set of cascades that are evoked by having low
4:52the blood. There's also a complicated set of cascades that are evoked by having low
4:52the blood. There's also a complicated set of cascades that are evoked by having low
4:56concentrations of sodium in the blood.
4:56concentrations of sodium in the blood.
4:56concentrations of sodium in the blood.
4:56concentrations of sodium in the blood.
4:56concentrations of sodium in the blood.
4:59But the pathway is nonetheless the same.
4:59But the pathway is nonetheless the same.
4:59But the pathway is nonetheless the same.
4:59But the pathway is nonetheless the same.
4:59But the pathway is nonetheless the same.
5:01It's OVLT is detecting those osmolarity changes, communicating to the supra optic nucleus.
5:01It's OVLT is detecting those osmolarity changes, communicating to the supra optic nucleus.
5:01It's OVLT is detecting those osmolarity changes, communicating to the supra optic nucleus.
5:01It's OVLT is detecting those osmolarity changes, communicating to the supra optic nucleus.
5:01It's OVLT is detecting those osmolarity changes, communicating to the supra optic nucleus.
5:06Supra optic nucleus is either causing the release of, or is releasing vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone,
5:06Supra optic nucleus is either causing the release of, or is releasing vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone,
5:06Supra optic nucleus is either causing the release of, or is releasing vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone,
5:06Supra optic nucleus is either causing the release of, or is releasing vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone,
5:06Supra optic nucleus is either causing the release of, or is releasing vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone,
5:14or that system is shut off so that the antidiuretic hormone is not secreted, which
5:14or that system is shut off so that the antidiuretic hormone is not secreted, which
5:14or that system is shut off so that the antidiuretic hormone is not secreted, which
5:14or that system is shut off so that the antidiuretic hormone is not secreted, which
5:14or that system is shut off so that the antidiuretic hormone is not secreted, which
5:20would allow urine to flow more freely, right?
5:20would allow urine to flow more freely, right?
5:20would allow urine to flow more freely, right?
5:20would allow urine to flow more freely, right?
5:20would allow urine to flow more freely, right?
5:23Antidiuretic means anti -release of urine, and by shutting that off, you are going to
5:23Antidiuretic means anti -release of urine, and by shutting that off, you are going to
5:23Antidiuretic means anti -release of urine, and by shutting that off, you are going to
5:23Antidiuretic means anti -release of urine, and by shutting that off, you are going to
5:23Antidiuretic means anti -release of urine, and by shutting that off, you are going to
5:30cause the release of urine.
5:30cause the release of urine.
5:30cause the release of urine.
5:30cause the release of urine.
5:30cause the release of urine.
5:32You're sort of allowing a system to flow, so to speak.
5:32You're sort of allowing a system to flow, so to speak.
5:32You're sort of allowing a system to flow, so to speak.
5:32You're sort of allowing a system to flow, so to speak.
5:32You're sort of allowing a system to flow, so to speak.
5:35The second category of thirst is hypovolemic thirst.
5:35The second category of thirst is hypovolemic thirst.
5:35The second category of thirst is hypovolemic thirst.
5:35The second category of thirst is hypovolemic thirst.
5:35The second category of thirst is hypovolemic thirst.
5:40Hypovolemic thirst occurs when there's a drop in blood pressure, okay?
5:40Hypovolemic thirst occurs when there's a drop in blood pressure, okay?
5:40Hypovolemic thirst occurs when there's a drop in blood pressure, okay?
5:40Hypovolemic thirst occurs when there's a drop in blood pressure, okay?
5:40Hypovolemic thirst occurs when there's a drop in blood pressure, okay?
5:44So the OVLT, as I mentioned before, can sense osmolarity based on the fact that
5:44So the OVLT, as I mentioned before, can sense osmolarity based on the fact that
5:44So the OVLT, as I mentioned before, can sense osmolarity based on the fact that
5:44So the OVLT, as I mentioned before, can sense osmolarity based on the fact that
5:44So the OVLT, as I mentioned before, can sense osmolarity based on the fact that
5:49it has these neurons that can detect how much salt is in the bloodstream.
5:49it has these neurons that can detect how much salt is in the bloodstream.
5:49it has these neurons that can detect how much salt is in the bloodstream.
5:49it has these neurons that can detect how much salt is in the bloodstream.
5:49it has these neurons that can detect how much salt is in the bloodstream.
5:52But the OVLT also harbors neurons that are of the baroreceptor, mechanoreceptor category.
5:52But the OVLT also harbors neurons that are of the baroreceptor, mechanoreceptor category.
5:52But the OVLT also harbors neurons that are of the baroreceptor, mechanoreceptor category.
5:52But the OVLT also harbors neurons that are of the baroreceptor, mechanoreceptor category.
5:52But the OVLT also harbors neurons that are of the baroreceptor, mechanoreceptor category.
6:01Now, more on baroreceptors and mechanoreceptors later, but baroreceptors are essentially a receptor, meaning a
6:01Now, more on baroreceptors and mechanoreceptors later, but baroreceptors are essentially a receptor, meaning a
6:01Now, more on baroreceptors and mechanoreceptors later, but baroreceptors are essentially a receptor, meaning a
6:01Now, more on baroreceptors and mechanoreceptors later, but baroreceptors are essentially a receptor, meaning a
6:01Now, more on baroreceptors and mechanoreceptors later, but baroreceptors are essentially a receptor, meaning a
6:11protein that's in a cell that responds to changes in blood pressure.
6:11protein that's in a cell that responds to changes in blood pressure.
6:11protein that's in a cell that responds to changes in blood pressure.
6:11protein that's in a cell that responds to changes in blood pressure.
6:11protein that's in a cell that responds to changes in blood pressure.
6:16So there are a number of things that can cause decreases in blood pressure.
6:16So there are a number of things that can cause decreases in blood pressure.
6:16So there are a number of things that can cause decreases in blood pressure.
6:16So there are a number of things that can cause decreases in blood pressure.
6:16So there are a number of things that can cause decreases in blood pressure.
6:19Some of those include, for instance, if you lose a lot of blood, right?
6:19Some of those include, for instance, if you lose a lot of blood, right?
6:19Some of those include, for instance, if you lose a lot of blood, right?
6:19Some of those include, for instance, if you lose a lot of blood, right?
6:19Some of those include, for instance, if you lose a lot of blood, right?
6:23If you're bleeding quite a lot, or in some cases, if you vomit quite a
6:23If you're bleeding quite a lot, or in some cases, if you vomit quite a
6:23If you're bleeding quite a lot, or in some cases, if you vomit quite a
6:23If you're bleeding quite a lot, or in some cases, if you vomit quite a
6:23If you're bleeding quite a lot, or in some cases, if you vomit quite a
6:27lot, or if you have extensive diarrhea, or any combination of those, Both types of
6:27lot, or if you have extensive diarrhea, or any combination of those, Both types of
6:27lot, or if you have extensive diarrhea, or any combination of those, Both types of
6:27lot, or if you have extensive diarrhea, or any combination of those, Both types of
6:27lot, or if you have extensive diarrhea, or any combination of those, Both types of
6:32thirst, osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst are not just about seeking water, but they also
6:32thirst, osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst are not just about seeking water, but they also
6:32thirst, osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst are not just about seeking water, but they also
6:32thirst, osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst are not just about seeking water, but they also
6:32thirst, osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst are not just about seeking water, but they also
6:38are about seeking salt. In very general terms, salt aka sodium can help retain water,
6:38are about seeking salt. In very general terms, salt aka sodium can help retain water,
6:38are about seeking salt. In very general terms, salt aka sodium can help retain water,
6:38are about seeking salt. In very general terms, salt aka sodium can help retain water,
6:38are about seeking salt. In very general terms, salt aka sodium can help retain water,
6:47but sodium and water work together in order to generate what we call thirst.
6:47but sodium and water work together in order to generate what we call thirst.
6:47but sodium and water work together in order to generate what we call thirst.
6:47but sodium and water work together in order to generate what we call thirst.
6:47but sodium and water work together in order to generate what we call thirst.
6:52Sodium water work together in order to either retain water or inspire us to let
6:52Sodium water work together in order to either retain water or inspire us to let
6:52Sodium water work together in order to either retain water or inspire us to let
6:52Sodium water work together in order to either retain water or inspire us to let
6:52Sodium water work together in order to either retain water or inspire us to let
6:58go of water to urinate.
6:58go of water to urinate.
6:58go of water to urinate.
6:58go of water to urinate.
6:58go of water to urinate.
6:59I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Function.
6:59I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Function.
6:59I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Function.
6:59I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Function.
6:59I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Function.
7:03Last year, I became a Function member after searching for the most comprehensive approach to
7:03Last year, I became a Function member after searching for the most comprehensive approach to
7:03Last year, I became a Function member after searching for the most comprehensive approach to
7:03Last year, I became a Function member after searching for the most comprehensive approach to
7:03Last year, I became a Function member after searching for the most comprehensive approach to
7:07lab testing. Function provides over 100 advanced lab tests that give you a key snapshot
7:07lab testing. Function provides over 100 advanced lab tests that give you a key snapshot
7:07lab testing. Function provides over 100 advanced lab tests that give you a key snapshot
7:07lab testing. Function provides over 100 advanced lab tests that give you a key snapshot
7:07lab testing. Function provides over 100 advanced lab tests that give you a key snapshot
7:13of your entire bodily health.
7:13of your entire bodily health.
7:13of your entire bodily health.
7:13of your entire bodily health.
7:13of your entire bodily health.
7:14This snapshot offers you with insights on your heart health, hormone health, immune functioning, nutrient
7:14This snapshot offers you with insights on your heart health, hormone health, immune functioning, nutrient
7:14This snapshot offers you with insights on your heart health, hormone health, immune functioning, nutrient
7:14This snapshot offers you with insights on your heart health, hormone health, immune functioning, nutrient
7:14This snapshot offers you with insights on your heart health, hormone health, immune functioning, nutrient
7:20levels, and much more. Function not only provides testing of over 100 biomarkers key to
7:20levels, and much more. Function not only provides testing of over 100 biomarkers key to
7:20levels, and much more. Function not only provides testing of over 100 biomarkers key to
7:20levels, and much more. Function not only provides testing of over 100 biomarkers key to
7:20levels, and much more. Function not only provides testing of over 100 biomarkers key to
7:24your physical and mental health, but it also analyzes these results and provides insights from
7:24your physical and mental health, but it also analyzes these results and provides insights from
7:24your physical and mental health, but it also analyzes these results and provides insights from
7:24your physical and mental health, but it also analyzes these results and provides insights from
7:24your physical and mental health, but it also analyzes these results and provides insights from
7:29top doctors who are expert in the relevant areas.
7:29top doctors who are expert in the relevant areas.
7:29top doctors who are expert in the relevant areas.
7:29top doctors who are expert in the relevant areas.
7:29top doctors who are expert in the relevant areas.
7:32For example, in one of my first tests with Function, I learned that I had
7:32For example, in one of my first tests with Function, I learned that I had
7:32For example, in one of my first tests with Function, I learned that I had
7:32For example, in one of my first tests with Function, I learned that I had
7:32For example, in one of my first tests with Function, I learned that I had
7:36elevated levels of mercury in my blood.
7:36elevated levels of mercury in my blood.
7:36elevated levels of mercury in my blood.
7:36elevated levels of mercury in my blood.
7:36elevated levels of mercury in my blood.
7:38Function not only helped me detect that, but offered insights into how best to reduce
7:38Function not only helped me detect that, but offered insights into how best to reduce
7:38Function not only helped me detect that, but offered insights into how best to reduce
7:38Function not only helped me detect that, but offered insights into how best to reduce
7:38Function not only helped me detect that, but offered insights into how best to reduce
7:42my mercury levels, which included limiting my tuna consumption, I'd been eating a lot of
7:42my mercury levels, which included limiting my tuna consumption, I'd been eating a lot of
7:42my mercury levels, which included limiting my tuna consumption, I'd been eating a lot of
7:42my mercury levels, which included limiting my tuna consumption, I'd been eating a lot of
7:42my mercury levels, which included limiting my tuna consumption, I'd been eating a lot of
7:46tuna, while also making an effort to eat more leafy greens and supplementing with NAC
7:46tuna, while also making an effort to eat more leafy greens and supplementing with NAC
7:46tuna, while also making an effort to eat more leafy greens and supplementing with NAC
7:46tuna, while also making an effort to eat more leafy greens and supplementing with NAC
7:46tuna, while also making an effort to eat more leafy greens and supplementing with NAC
7:50and acetylcysteine, both of which can support glutathione production and detoxification.
7:50and acetylcysteine, both of which can support glutathione production and detoxification.
7:50and acetylcysteine, both of which can support glutathione production and detoxification.
7:50and acetylcysteine, both of which can support glutathione production and detoxification.
7:50and acetylcysteine, both of which can support glutathione production and detoxification.
7:55And I should say, by taking a second Function test, that approach worked.
7:55And I should say, by taking a second Function test, that approach worked.
7:55And I should say, by taking a second Function test, that approach worked.
7:55And I should say, by taking a second Function test, that approach worked.
7:55And I should say, by taking a second Function test, that approach worked.
7:58Comprehensive blood testing is vitally important.
7:58Comprehensive blood testing is vitally important.
7:58Comprehensive blood testing is vitally important.
7:58Comprehensive blood testing is vitally important.
7:58Comprehensive blood testing is vitally important.
8:01There's so many things related to your mental and physical health that can only be
8:01There's so many things related to your mental and physical health that can only be
8:01There's so many things related to your mental and physical health that can only be
8:01There's so many things related to your mental and physical health that can only be
8:01There's so many things related to your mental and physical health that can only be
8:05detected in a blood test.
8:05detected in a blood test.
8:05detected in a blood test.
8:05detected in a blood test.
8:05detected in a blood test.
8:06The problem is blood testing has always been very expensive and complicated.
8:06The problem is blood testing has always been very expensive and complicated.
8:06The problem is blood testing has always been very expensive and complicated.
8:06The problem is blood testing has always been very expensive and complicated.
8:06The problem is blood testing has always been very expensive and complicated.
8:10In contrast, I've been super impressed by Function's simplicity and at the level of cost.
8:10In contrast, I've been super impressed by Function's simplicity and at the level of cost.
8:10In contrast, I've been super impressed by Function's simplicity and at the level of cost.
8:10In contrast, I've been super impressed by Function's simplicity and at the level of cost.
8:10In contrast, I've been super impressed by Function's simplicity and at the level of cost.
8:15It is very affordable. As a consequence, I decided to join their scientific advisory board
8:15It is very affordable. As a consequence, I decided to join their scientific advisory board
8:15It is very affordable. As a consequence, I decided to join their scientific advisory board
8:15It is very affordable. As a consequence, I decided to join their scientific advisory board
8:15It is very affordable. As a consequence, I decided to join their scientific advisory board
8:19and I'm thrilled that they're sponsoring the podcast.
8:19and I'm thrilled that they're sponsoring the podcast.
8:19and I'm thrilled that they're sponsoring the podcast.
8:19and I'm thrilled that they're sponsoring the podcast.
8:19and I'm thrilled that they're sponsoring the podcast.
8:21If you'd like to try Function, you can go to functionhealth .com slash Huberman.
8:21If you'd like to try Function, you can go to functionhealth .com slash Huberman.
8:21If you'd like to try Function, you can go to functionhealth .com slash Huberman.
8:21If you'd like to try Function, you can go to functionhealth .com slash Huberman.
8:21If you'd like to try Function, you can go to functionhealth .com slash Huberman.
8:26Function currently has a wait list of over 250 ,000 people, but they're offering early
8:26Function currently has a wait list of over 250 ,000 people, but they're offering early
8:26Function currently has a wait list of over 250 ,000 people, but they're offering early
8:26Function currently has a wait list of over 250 ,000 people, but they're offering early
8:26Function currently has a wait list of over 250 ,000 people, but they're offering early
8:31access to Huberman podcast listeners.
8:31access to Huberman podcast listeners.
8:31access to Huberman podcast listeners.
8:31access to Huberman podcast listeners.
8:31access to Huberman podcast listeners.
8:33Again, that's functionhealth .com slash Huberman to get early access to Function.
8:33Again, that's functionhealth .com slash Huberman to get early access to Function.
8:33Again, that's functionhealth .com slash Huberman to get early access to Function.
8:33Again, that's functionhealth .com slash Huberman to get early access to Function.
8:33Again, that's functionhealth .com slash Huberman to get early access to Function.
8:39So before we can dive into the specifics around salt.
8:39So before we can dive into the specifics around salt.
8:39So before we can dive into the specifics around salt.
8:39So before we can dive into the specifics around salt.
8:39So before we can dive into the specifics around salt.
8:43and how to use salt for performance and various recommendations and things to avoid.
8:43and how to use salt for performance and various recommendations and things to avoid.
8:43and how to use salt for performance and various recommendations and things to avoid.
8:43and how to use salt for performance and various recommendations and things to avoid.
8:43and how to use salt for performance and various recommendations and things to avoid.
8:47We need to drill a little bit deeper into this fluid balance mechanism in the
8:47We need to drill a little bit deeper into this fluid balance mechanism in the
8:47We need to drill a little bit deeper into this fluid balance mechanism in the
8:47We need to drill a little bit deeper into this fluid balance mechanism in the
8:47We need to drill a little bit deeper into this fluid balance mechanism in the
8:52body. And for that reason, we have to pay at least a little bit of
8:52body. And for that reason, we have to pay at least a little bit of
8:52body. And for that reason, we have to pay at least a little bit of
8:52body. And for that reason, we have to pay at least a little bit of
8:52body. And for that reason, we have to pay at least a little bit of
8:55attention to the kidney. The kidney is an incredible organ.
8:55attention to the kidney. The kidney is an incredible organ.
8:55attention to the kidney. The kidney is an incredible organ.
8:55attention to the kidney. The kidney is an incredible organ.
8:55attention to the kidney. The kidney is an incredible organ.
8:58And one of the reasons the kidney is so amazing is that it's responsible for
8:58And one of the reasons the kidney is so amazing is that it's responsible for
8:58And one of the reasons the kidney is so amazing is that it's responsible for
8:58And one of the reasons the kidney is so amazing is that it's responsible for
8:58And one of the reasons the kidney is so amazing is that it's responsible for
9:03both retaining, holding onto, or allowing the release of various substances from the body.
9:03both retaining, holding onto, or allowing the release of various substances from the body.
9:03both retaining, holding onto, or allowing the release of various substances from the body.
9:03both retaining, holding onto, or allowing the release of various substances from the body.
9:03both retaining, holding onto, or allowing the release of various substances from the body.
9:09Basically blood enters the kidney and it goes through a series of tubes, which are
9:09Basically blood enters the kidney and it goes through a series of tubes, which are
9:09Basically blood enters the kidney and it goes through a series of tubes, which are
9:09Basically blood enters the kidney and it goes through a series of tubes, which are
9:09Basically blood enters the kidney and it goes through a series of tubes, which are
9:15arranged into loops. If you want to look more into this, there's the beautiful loop
9:15arranged into loops. If you want to look more into this, there's the beautiful loop
9:15arranged into loops. If you want to look more into this, there's the beautiful loop
9:15arranged into loops. If you want to look more into this, there's the beautiful loop
9:15arranged into loops. If you want to look more into this, there's the beautiful loop
9:19of Henle and other aspects of the kidney design that allow certain substances to be
9:19of Henle and other aspects of the kidney design that allow certain substances to be
9:19of Henle and other aspects of the kidney design that allow certain substances to be
9:19of Henle and other aspects of the kidney design that allow certain substances to be
9:19of Henle and other aspects of the kidney design that allow certain substances to be
9:27retained and other substances to be released, depending on how concentrated those substances are in
9:27retained and other substances to be released, depending on how concentrated those substances are in
9:27retained and other substances to be released, depending on how concentrated those substances are in
9:27retained and other substances to be released, depending on how concentrated those substances are in
9:27retained and other substances to be released, depending on how concentrated those substances are in
9:32the blood. The kidney responds to a number of hormonal signals, including vasopressin, in order
9:32the blood. The kidney responds to a number of hormonal signals, including vasopressin, in order
9:32the blood. The kidney responds to a number of hormonal signals, including vasopressin, in order
9:32the blood. The kidney responds to a number of hormonal signals, including vasopressin, in order
9:32the blood. The kidney responds to a number of hormonal signals, including vasopressin, in order
9:40to, for instance, anti -diuretic hormone, in order to hold on to more fluid, if
9:40to, for instance, anti -diuretic hormone, in order to hold on to more fluid, if
9:40to, for instance, anti -diuretic hormone, in order to hold on to more fluid, if
9:40to, for instance, anti -diuretic hormone, in order to hold on to more fluid, if
9:40to, for instance, anti -diuretic hormone, in order to hold on to more fluid, if
9:44that's what your brain and body need.
9:44that's what your brain and body need.
9:44that's what your brain and body need.
9:44that's what your brain and body need.
9:44that's what your brain and body need.
9:46And it responds to other hormonal signals as well.
9:46And it responds to other hormonal signals as well.
9:46And it responds to other hormonal signals as well.
9:46And it responds to other hormonal signals as well.
9:46And it responds to other hormonal signals as well.
9:49So it's a pretty complex organ.
9:49So it's a pretty complex organ.
9:49So it's a pretty complex organ.
9:49So it's a pretty complex organ.
9:49So it's a pretty complex organ.
9:51So the way the kidney is designed is that about 90 % of the stuff
9:51So the way the kidney is designed is that about 90 % of the stuff
9:51So the way the kidney is designed is that about 90 % of the stuff
9:51So the way the kidney is designed is that about 90 % of the stuff
9:51So the way the kidney is designed is that about 90 % of the stuff
9:57that's absorbed from the blood is going to be absorbed early in this series of
9:57that's absorbed from the blood is going to be absorbed early in this series of
9:57that's absorbed from the blood is going to be absorbed early in this series of
9:57that's absorbed from the blood is going to be absorbed early in this series of
9:57that's absorbed from the blood is going to be absorbed early in this series of
10:01tubes. So just to give a really simple example, let's say that you are very
10:01tubes. So just to give a really simple example, let's say that you are very
10:01tubes. So just to give a really simple example, let's say that you are very
10:01tubes. So just to give a really simple example, let's say that you are very
10:01tubes. So just to give a really simple example, let's say that you are very
10:05low on fluid. If you haven't had much to drink in a while, maybe you're
10:05low on fluid. If you haven't had much to drink in a while, maybe you're
10:05low on fluid. If you haven't had much to drink in a while, maybe you're
10:05low on fluid. If you haven't had much to drink in a while, maybe you're
10:05low on fluid. If you haven't had much to drink in a while, maybe you're
10:09walking around on a hot day, chances are that the neurons in your OVLT will
10:09walking around on a hot day, chances are that the neurons in your OVLT will
10:09walking around on a hot day, chances are that the neurons in your OVLT will
10:09walking around on a hot day, chances are that the neurons in your OVLT will
10:09walking around on a hot day, chances are that the neurons in your OVLT will
10:16sense the increase in osmolarity, right?
10:16sense the increase in osmolarity, right?
10:16sense the increase in osmolarity, right?
10:16sense the increase in osmolarity, right?
10:16sense the increase in osmolarity, right?
10:18The concentration of salt is going to be increased relative to the fluid volume that's
10:18The concentration of salt is going to be increased relative to the fluid volume that's
10:18The concentration of salt is going to be increased relative to the fluid volume that's
10:18The concentration of salt is going to be increased relative to the fluid volume that's
10:18The concentration of salt is going to be increased relative to the fluid volume that's
10:24circulating. This of course assumes that you haven't excreted a lot of sodium for one
10:24circulating. This of course assumes that you haven't excreted a lot of sodium for one
10:24circulating. This of course assumes that you haven't excreted a lot of sodium for one
10:24circulating. This of course assumes that you haven't excreted a lot of sodium for one
10:24circulating. This of course assumes that you haven't excreted a lot of sodium for one
10:28reason or another, but that increase in osmolarity is detected by the OVLT.
10:28reason or another, but that increase in osmolarity is detected by the OVLT.
10:28reason or another, but that increase in osmolarity is detected by the OVLT.
10:28reason or another, but that increase in osmolarity is detected by the OVLT.
10:28reason or another, but that increase in osmolarity is detected by the OVLT.
10:33The OVLT is going to signal a bunch of different cascades through the supra optic
10:33The OVLT is going to signal a bunch of different cascades through the supra optic
10:33The OVLT is going to signal a bunch of different cascades through the supra optic
10:33The OVLT is going to signal a bunch of different cascades through the supra optic
10:33The OVLT is going to signal a bunch of different cascades through the supra optic
10:37nucleus, et cetera. And then vasopressin is going to be released into the bloodstream.
10:37nucleus, et cetera. And then vasopressin is going to be released into the bloodstream.
10:37nucleus, et cetera. And then vasopressin is going to be released into the bloodstream.
10:37nucleus, et cetera. And then vasopressin is going to be released into the bloodstream.
10:37nucleus, et cetera. And then vasopressin is going to be released into the bloodstream.
10:42And vasopressin, again, also called antidiuretic hormone, is going to act on the kidney and
10:42And vasopressin, again, also called antidiuretic hormone, is going to act on the kidney and
10:42And vasopressin, again, also called antidiuretic hormone, is going to act on the kidney and
10:42And vasopressin, again, also called antidiuretic hormone, is going to act on the kidney and
10:42And vasopressin, again, also called antidiuretic hormone, is going to act on the kidney and
10:48change the kidney's function in a couple of different ways, some mechanical, some...
10:48change the kidney's function in a couple of different ways, some mechanical, some...
10:48change the kidney's function in a couple of different ways, some mechanical, some...
10:48change the kidney's function in a couple of different ways, some mechanical, some...
10:48change the kidney's function in a couple of different ways, some mechanical, some...
10:54chemical, okay, in order to make sure that your kidney does not release much water,
10:54chemical, okay, in order to make sure that your kidney does not release much water,
10:54chemical, okay, in order to make sure that your kidney does not release much water,
10:54chemical, okay, in order to make sure that your kidney does not release much water,
10:54chemical, okay, in order to make sure that your kidney does not release much water,
11:00doesn't make you want to urinate.
11:00doesn't make you want to urinate.
11:00doesn't make you want to urinate.
11:00doesn't make you want to urinate.
11:00doesn't make you want to urinate.
11:02And in fact, even if you would try to urinate, your body's going to tend
11:02And in fact, even if you would try to urinate, your body's going to tend
11:02And in fact, even if you would try to urinate, your body's going to tend
11:02And in fact, even if you would try to urinate, your body's going to tend
11:02And in fact, even if you would try to urinate, your body's going to tend
11:05to hold on to its fluid stores.
11:05to hold on to its fluid stores.
11:05to hold on to its fluid stores.
11:05to hold on to its fluid stores.
11:05to hold on to its fluid stores.
11:07Okay, so very simple, straightforward example.
11:07Okay, so very simple, straightforward example.
11:07Okay, so very simple, straightforward example.
11:07Okay, so very simple, straightforward example.
11:07Okay, so very simple, straightforward example.
11:09We can also give the other example whereby if you are ingesting a lot, a
11:09We can also give the other example whereby if you are ingesting a lot, a
11:09We can also give the other example whereby if you are ingesting a lot, a
11:09We can also give the other example whereby if you are ingesting a lot, a
11:09We can also give the other example whereby if you are ingesting a lot, a
11:13lot, a lot of water and it's not a particularly hot day and you're not
11:13lot, a lot of water and it's not a particularly hot day and you're not
11:13lot, a lot of water and it's not a particularly hot day and you're not
11:13lot, a lot of water and it's not a particularly hot day and you're not
11:13lot, a lot of water and it's not a particularly hot day and you're not
11:17sweating very much, let's assume your salt intake is constant or is low for whatever
11:17sweating very much, let's assume your salt intake is constant or is low for whatever
11:17sweating very much, let's assume your salt intake is constant or is low for whatever
11:17sweating very much, let's assume your salt intake is constant or is low for whatever
11:17sweating very much, let's assume your salt intake is constant or is low for whatever
11:21reason, well then the osmolarity, the salt concentration in your blood is going to be
11:21reason, well then the osmolarity, the salt concentration in your blood is going to be
11:21reason, well then the osmolarity, the salt concentration in your blood is going to be
11:21reason, well then the osmolarity, the salt concentration in your blood is going to be
11:21reason, well then the osmolarity, the salt concentration in your blood is going to be
11:26lower. Your OVLT will detect that because of these osmosensing neurons in your OVLT.
11:26lower. Your OVLT will detect that because of these osmosensing neurons in your OVLT.
11:26lower. Your OVLT will detect that because of these osmosensing neurons in your OVLT.
11:26lower. Your OVLT will detect that because of these osmosensing neurons in your OVLT.
11:26lower. Your OVLT will detect that because of these osmosensing neurons in your OVLT.
11:33Your OVLT will fail to signal to the super optic nucleus and there will not
11:33Your OVLT will fail to signal to the super optic nucleus and there will not
11:33Your OVLT will fail to signal to the super optic nucleus and there will not
11:33Your OVLT will fail to signal to the super optic nucleus and there will not
11:33Your OVLT will fail to signal to the super optic nucleus and there will not
11:41be the release of vasopressin antidiuretic hormone and you can excrete all the water that
11:41be the release of vasopressin antidiuretic hormone and you can excrete all the water that
11:41be the release of vasopressin antidiuretic hormone and you can excrete all the water that
11:41be the release of vasopressin antidiuretic hormone and you can excrete all the water that
11:41be the release of vasopressin antidiuretic hormone and you can excrete all the water that
11:47your body wants to excrete, meaning you'll be able to urinate, there's no holding on
11:47your body wants to excrete, meaning you'll be able to urinate, there's no holding on
11:47your body wants to excrete, meaning you'll be able to urinate, there's no holding on
11:47your body wants to excrete, meaning you'll be able to urinate, there's no holding on
11:47your body wants to excrete, meaning you'll be able to urinate, there's no holding on
11:51to water at the level of the kidney.
11:51to water at the level of the kidney.
11:51to water at the level of the kidney.
11:51to water at the level of the kidney.
11:51to water at the level of the kidney.
11:52Okay, so how much salt do we need and what can we trust in terms
11:52Okay, so how much salt do we need and what can we trust in terms
11:52Okay, so how much salt do we need and what can we trust in terms
11:52Okay, so how much salt do we need and what can we trust in terms
11:52Okay, so how much salt do we need and what can we trust in terms
11:57of trying to guide our ingestion of salt?
11:57of trying to guide our ingestion of salt?
11:57of trying to guide our ingestion of salt?
11:57of trying to guide our ingestion of salt?
11:57of trying to guide our ingestion of salt?
12:00First of all, I want to be very, very clear that there are a number
12:00First of all, I want to be very, very clear that there are a number
12:00First of all, I want to be very, very clear that there are a number
12:00First of all, I want to be very, very clear that there are a number
12:00First of all, I want to be very, very clear that there are a number
12:03of people out there that have pre -hypertension or hypertension.
12:03of people out there that have pre -hypertension or hypertension.
12:03of people out there that have pre -hypertension or hypertension.
12:03of people out there that have pre -hypertension or hypertension.
12:03of people out there that have pre -hypertension or hypertension.
12:07You need to know if you have pre -hypertension or hypertension.
12:07You need to know if you have pre -hypertension or hypertension.
12:07You need to know if you have pre -hypertension or hypertension.
12:07You need to know if you have pre -hypertension or hypertension.
12:07You need to know if you have pre -hypertension or hypertension.
12:10You need to know if you have normal tension, meaning normal blood pressure.
12:10You need to know if you have normal tension, meaning normal blood pressure.
12:10You need to know if you have normal tension, meaning normal blood pressure.
12:10You need to know if you have normal tension, meaning normal blood pressure.
12:10You need to know if you have normal tension, meaning normal blood pressure.
12:14Everyone should know their blood pressure.
12:14Everyone should know their blood pressure.
12:14Everyone should know their blood pressure.
12:14Everyone should know their blood pressure.
12:14Everyone should know their blood pressure.
12:17It's an absolutely crucial measurement that has a lot of impact on your immediate and
12:17It's an absolutely crucial measurement that has a lot of impact on your immediate and
12:17It's an absolutely crucial measurement that has a lot of impact on your immediate and
12:17It's an absolutely crucial measurement that has a lot of impact on your immediate and
12:17It's an absolutely crucial measurement that has a lot of impact on your immediate and
12:22long -term health outcomes. It informs a lot about what you should do.
12:22long -term health outcomes. It informs a lot about what you should do.
12:22long -term health outcomes. It informs a lot about what you should do.
12:22long -term health outcomes. It informs a lot about what you should do.
12:22long -term health outcomes. It informs a lot about what you should do.
12:26Should you be doing more cardiovascular exercise?
12:26Should you be doing more cardiovascular exercise?
12:26Should you be doing more cardiovascular exercise?
12:26Should you be doing more cardiovascular exercise?
12:26Should you be doing more cardiovascular exercise?
12:28Should you be ingesting more or less salt?
12:28Should you be ingesting more or less salt?
12:28Should you be ingesting more or less salt?
12:28Should you be ingesting more or less salt?
12:28Should you be ingesting more or less salt?
12:30And without knowing what your blood pressure is, I can't give a one size fits
12:30And without knowing what your blood pressure is, I can't give a one size fits
12:30And without knowing what your blood pressure is, I can't give a one size fits
12:30And without knowing what your blood pressure is, I can't give a one size fits
12:30And without knowing what your blood pressure is, I can't give a one size fits
12:34all recommendation. And indeed, I'm not going to give medical recommendations.
12:34all recommendation. And indeed, I'm not going to give medical recommendations.
12:34all recommendation. And indeed, I'm not going to give medical recommendations.
12:34all recommendation. And indeed, I'm not going to give medical recommendations.
12:34all recommendation. And indeed, I'm not going to give medical recommendations.
12:38I'm simply going to spell out what I know about the research, which hopefully will
12:38I'm simply going to spell out what I know about the research, which hopefully will
12:38I'm simply going to spell out what I know about the research, which hopefully will
12:38I'm simply going to spell out what I know about the research, which hopefully will
12:38I'm simply going to spell out what I know about the research, which hopefully will
12:42point you in the direction of figuring out what's right for you in terms of
12:42point you in the direction of figuring out what's right for you in terms of
12:42point you in the direction of figuring out what's right for you in terms of
12:42point you in the direction of figuring out what's right for you in terms of
12:42point you in the direction of figuring out what's right for you in terms of
12:45salt and indeed fluid intake.
12:45salt and indeed fluid intake.
12:45salt and indeed fluid intake.
12:45salt and indeed fluid intake.
12:45salt and indeed fluid intake.
12:47There is a school of thought that everybody is consuming too much salt.
12:47There is a school of thought that everybody is consuming too much salt.
12:47There is a school of thought that everybody is consuming too much salt.
12:47There is a school of thought that everybody is consuming too much salt.
12:47There is a school of thought that everybody is consuming too much salt.
12:52And I do want to highlight the fact that there are dozens, if not hundreds,
12:52And I do want to highlight the fact that there are dozens, if not hundreds,
12:52And I do want to highlight the fact that there are dozens, if not hundreds,
12:52And I do want to highlight the fact that there are dozens, if not hundreds,
12:52And I do want to highlight the fact that there are dozens, if not hundreds,
12:57of quality papers that point to the fact that a quote -unquote high -salt diet
12:57of quality papers that point to the fact that a quote -unquote high -salt diet
12:57of quality papers that point to the fact that a quote -unquote high -salt diet
12:57of quality papers that point to the fact that a quote -unquote high -salt diet
12:57of quality papers that point to the fact that a quote -unquote high -salt diet
13:02can be bad for... for various organs and tissues in the body, including the brain.
13:02can be bad for... for various organs and tissues in the body, including the brain.
13:02can be bad for... for various organs and tissues in the body, including the brain.
13:02can be bad for... for various organs and tissues in the body, including the brain.
13:02can be bad for... for various organs and tissues in the body, including the brain.
13:09It just so happens that because fluid balance, both inside and outside of cells is
13:09It just so happens that because fluid balance, both inside and outside of cells is
13:09It just so happens that because fluid balance, both inside and outside of cells is
13:09It just so happens that because fluid balance, both inside and outside of cells is
13:09It just so happens that because fluid balance, both inside and outside of cells is
13:15crucial, not just for your heart and for your lungs and for your liver and
13:15crucial, not just for your heart and for your lungs and for your liver and
13:15crucial, not just for your heart and for your lungs and for your liver and
13:15crucial, not just for your heart and for your lungs and for your liver and
13:15crucial, not just for your heart and for your lungs and for your liver and
13:19for all the organs of your body, but also for your brain, that if the
13:19for all the organs of your body, but also for your brain, that if the
13:19for all the organs of your body, but also for your brain, that if the
13:19for all the organs of your body, but also for your brain, that if the
13:19for all the organs of your body, but also for your brain, that if the
13:24salt concentration inside of cells in your brain becomes too high, neurons suffer, right?
13:24salt concentration inside of cells in your brain becomes too high, neurons suffer, right?
13:24salt concentration inside of cells in your brain becomes too high, neurons suffer, right?
13:24salt concentration inside of cells in your brain becomes too high, neurons suffer, right?
13:24salt concentration inside of cells in your brain becomes too high, neurons suffer, right?
13:31They will draw fluid into those cells because water tends to follow salt, as I
13:31They will draw fluid into those cells because water tends to follow salt, as I
13:31They will draw fluid into those cells because water tends to follow salt, as I
13:31They will draw fluid into those cells because water tends to follow salt, as I
13:31They will draw fluid into those cells because water tends to follow salt, as I
13:36mentioned before, and those cells can swell.
13:36mentioned before, and those cells can swell.
13:36mentioned before, and those cells can swell.
13:36mentioned before, and those cells can swell.
13:36mentioned before, and those cells can swell.
13:40You can literally get swelling of brain tissue.
13:40You can literally get swelling of brain tissue.
13:40You can literally get swelling of brain tissue.
13:40You can literally get swelling of brain tissue.
13:40You can literally get swelling of brain tissue.
13:42Conversely, if salt levels are too low inside of cells, in any tissue of the
13:42Conversely, if salt levels are too low inside of cells, in any tissue of the
13:42Conversely, if salt levels are too low inside of cells, in any tissue of the
13:42Conversely, if salt levels are too low inside of cells, in any tissue of the
13:42Conversely, if salt levels are too low inside of cells, in any tissue of the
13:48body, but in the brain included, then the cells of the body and brain can
13:48body, but in the brain included, then the cells of the body and brain can
13:48body, but in the brain included, then the cells of the body and brain can
13:48body, but in the brain included, then the cells of the body and brain can
13:48body, but in the brain included, then the cells of the body and brain can
13:55shrink because water is pulled into the extracellular space away from cells.
13:55shrink because water is pulled into the extracellular space away from cells.
13:55shrink because water is pulled into the extracellular space away from cells.
13:55shrink because water is pulled into the extracellular space away from cells.
13:55shrink because water is pulled into the extracellular space away from cells.
14:01And indeed, under those conditions, brain function can suffer.
14:01And indeed, under those conditions, brain function can suffer.
14:01And indeed, under those conditions, brain function can suffer.
14:01And indeed, under those conditions, brain function can suffer.
14:01And indeed, under those conditions, brain function can suffer.
14:06And indeed, the overall health of the brain can suffer.
14:06And indeed, the overall health of the brain can suffer.
14:06And indeed, the overall health of the brain can suffer.
14:06And indeed, the overall health of the brain can suffer.
14:06And indeed, the overall health of the brain can suffer.
14:09At fairly low levels of sodium, meaning at about two grams per day, you run
14:09At fairly low levels of sodium, meaning at about two grams per day, you run
14:09At fairly low levels of sodium, meaning at about two grams per day, you run
14:09At fairly low levels of sodium, meaning at about two grams per day, you run
14:09At fairly low levels of sodium, meaning at about two grams per day, you run
14:15fewer health risks, but the number of risks continues to decline as you move towards
14:15fewer health risks, but the number of risks continues to decline as you move towards
14:15fewer health risks, but the number of risks continues to decline as you move towards
14:15fewer health risks, but the number of risks continues to decline as you move towards
14:15fewer health risks, but the number of risks continues to decline as you move towards
14:19four and five grams per day.
14:19four and five grams per day.
14:19four and five grams per day.
14:19four and five grams per day.
14:19four and five grams per day.
14:21And then as you increase your salt intake further, then the risk dramatically increases.
14:21And then as you increase your salt intake further, then the risk dramatically increases.
14:21And then as you increase your salt intake further, then the risk dramatically increases.
14:21And then as you increase your salt intake further, then the risk dramatically increases.
14:21And then as you increase your salt intake further, then the risk dramatically increases.
14:27Most people are probably consuming more than that because of the fact that they are
14:27Most people are probably consuming more than that because of the fact that they are
14:27Most people are probably consuming more than that because of the fact that they are
14:27Most people are probably consuming more than that because of the fact that they are
14:27Most people are probably consuming more than that because of the fact that they are
14:33ingesting processed foods and processed foods tend to have more salt in them than non
14:33ingesting processed foods and processed foods tend to have more salt in them than non
14:33ingesting processed foods and processed foods tend to have more salt in them than non
14:33ingesting processed foods and processed foods tend to have more salt in them than non
14:33ingesting processed foods and processed foods tend to have more salt in them than non
14:38-processed foods. But if we are to take this number of 2 .3 grams, that's
14:38-processed foods. But if we are to take this number of 2 .3 grams, that's
14:38-processed foods. But if we are to take this number of 2 .3 grams, that's
14:38-processed foods. But if we are to take this number of 2 .3 grams, that's
14:38-processed foods. But if we are to take this number of 2 .3 grams, that's
14:45the recommended cutoff for ingestion of sodium, that indeed is associated with low incidence of
14:45the recommended cutoff for ingestion of sodium, that indeed is associated with low incidence of
14:45the recommended cutoff for ingestion of sodium, that indeed is associated with low incidence of
14:45the recommended cutoff for ingestion of sodium, that indeed is associated with low incidence of
14:45the recommended cutoff for ingestion of sodium, that indeed is associated with low incidence of
14:51hazardous outcomes, cardiovascular events, stroke, et cetera.
14:51hazardous outcomes, cardiovascular events, stroke, et cetera.
14:51hazardous outcomes, cardiovascular events, stroke, et cetera.
14:51hazardous outcomes, cardiovascular events, stroke, et cetera.
14:51hazardous outcomes, cardiovascular events, stroke, et cetera.
14:54So again, I want to be very, very clear that you need to know your
14:54So again, I want to be very, very clear that you need to know your
14:54So again, I want to be very, very clear that you need to know your
14:54So again, I want to be very, very clear that you need to know your
14:54So again, I want to be very, very clear that you need to know your
14:57blood pressure. If you have high blood pressure or you're pre -hypertensive, you should be
14:57blood pressure. If you have high blood pressure or you're pre -hypertensive, you should be
14:57blood pressure. If you have high blood pressure or you're pre -hypertensive, you should be
14:57blood pressure. If you have high blood pressure or you're pre -hypertensive, you should be
14:57blood pressure. If you have high blood pressure or you're pre -hypertensive, you should be
15:01especially cautious about doing anything that increases your blood pressure.
15:01especially cautious about doing anything that increases your blood pressure.
15:01especially cautious about doing anything that increases your blood pressure.
15:01especially cautious about doing anything that increases your blood pressure.
15:01especially cautious about doing anything that increases your blood pressure.
15:04And as always, you want to, of course, talk to your doctor about doing anything
15:04And as always, you want to, of course, talk to your doctor about doing anything
15:04And as always, you want to, of course, talk to your doctor about doing anything
15:04And as always, you want to, of course, talk to your doctor about doing anything
15:04And as always, you want to, of course, talk to your doctor about doing anything
15:07that could adjust your health in any direction.
15:07that could adjust your health in any direction.
15:07that could adjust your health in any direction.
15:07that could adjust your health in any direction.
15:07that could adjust your health in any direction.
15:09But there are a number of people out there that have low blood pressure, right?
15:09But there are a number of people out there that have low blood pressure, right?
15:09But there are a number of people out there that have low blood pressure, right?
15:09But there are a number of people out there that have low blood pressure, right?
15:09But there are a number of people out there that have low blood pressure, right?
15:13People that get dizzy when they stand up.
15:13People that get dizzy when they stand up.
15:13People that get dizzy when they stand up.
15:13People that get dizzy when they stand up.
15:13People that get dizzy when they stand up.
15:16People that are feeling chronically fatigued, and in some cases, not all, those groups can
15:16People that are feeling chronically fatigued, and in some cases, not all, those groups can
15:16People that are feeling chronically fatigued, and in some cases, not all, those groups can
15:16People that are feeling chronically fatigued, and in some cases, not all, those groups can
15:16People that are feeling chronically fatigued, and in some cases, not all, those groups can
15:21actually benefit from increasing their sodium intake.
15:21actually benefit from increasing their sodium intake.
15:21actually benefit from increasing their sodium intake.
15:21actually benefit from increasing their sodium intake.
15:21actually benefit from increasing their sodium intake.
15:24Why? Well, because of the osmolarity of blood that we talked about before, where if
15:24Why? Well, because of the osmolarity of blood that we talked about before, where if
15:24Why? Well, because of the osmolarity of blood that we talked about before, where if
15:24Why? Well, because of the osmolarity of blood that we talked about before, where if
15:24Why? Well, because of the osmolarity of blood that we talked about before, where if
15:30you have a certain concentration of sodium, meaning sufficient sodium in your bloodstream, that will
15:30you have a certain concentration of sodium, meaning sufficient sodium in your bloodstream, that will
15:30you have a certain concentration of sodium, meaning sufficient sodium in your bloodstream, that will
15:30you have a certain concentration of sodium, meaning sufficient sodium in your bloodstream, that will
15:30you have a certain concentration of sodium, meaning sufficient sodium in your bloodstream, that will
15:36tend to draw water into the bloodstream, and essentially the pipes that are your capillaries,
15:36tend to draw water into the bloodstream, and essentially the pipes that are your capillaries,
15:36tend to draw water into the bloodstream, and essentially the pipes that are your capillaries,
15:36tend to draw water into the bloodstream, and essentially the pipes that are your capillaries,
15:36tend to draw water into the bloodstream, and essentially the pipes that are your capillaries,
15:39arteries, and veins will be full.
15:39arteries, and veins will be full.
15:39arteries, and veins will be full.
15:39arteries, and veins will be full.
15:39arteries, and veins will be full.
15:42The blood pressure will get up to your head, whereas some people their blood pressure
15:42The blood pressure will get up to your head, whereas some people their blood pressure
15:42The blood pressure will get up to your head, whereas some people their blood pressure
15:42The blood pressure will get up to your head, whereas some people their blood pressure
15:42The blood pressure will get up to your head, whereas some people their blood pressure
15:45is low because the osmolarity of their blood is low, and that can have a
15:45is low because the osmolarity of their blood is low, and that can have a
15:45is low because the osmolarity of their blood is low, and that can have a
15:45is low because the osmolarity of their blood is low, and that can have a
15:45is low because the osmolarity of their blood is low, and that can have a
15:50number of downstream consequences. I should also mention it can be the consequence itself of
15:50number of downstream consequences. I should also mention it can be the consequence itself of
15:50number of downstream consequences. I should also mention it can be the consequence itself of
15:50number of downstream consequences. I should also mention it can be the consequence itself of
15:50number of downstream consequences. I should also mention it can be the consequence itself of
15:56challenges or even deficits in kidney function, but all of these organs are working together.
15:56challenges or even deficits in kidney function, but all of these organs are working together.
15:56challenges or even deficits in kidney function, but all of these organs are working together.
15:56challenges or even deficits in kidney function, but all of these organs are working together.
15:56challenges or even deficits in kidney function, but all of these organs are working together.
16:02So the encouragement here is not necessarily to ingest more sodium, it's to know your
16:02So the encouragement here is not necessarily to ingest more sodium, it's to know your
16:02So the encouragement here is not necessarily to ingest more sodium, it's to know your
16:02So the encouragement here is not necessarily to ingest more sodium, it's to know your
16:02So the encouragement here is not necessarily to ingest more sodium, it's to know your
16:07blood pressure and to address whether or not an increase in sodium intake would actually
16:07blood pressure and to address whether or not an increase in sodium intake would actually
16:07blood pressure and to address whether or not an increase in sodium intake would actually
16:07blood pressure and to address whether or not an increase in sodium intake would actually
16:07blood pressure and to address whether or not an increase in sodium intake would actually
16:11benefit your blood pressure in a way that could relieve some of the dizziness and
16:11benefit your blood pressure in a way that could relieve some of the dizziness and
16:11benefit your blood pressure in a way that could relieve some of the dizziness and
16:11benefit your blood pressure in a way that could relieve some of the dizziness and
16:11benefit your blood pressure in a way that could relieve some of the dizziness and
16:15other symptoms of things like orthostatic disorders.
16:15other symptoms of things like orthostatic disorders.
16:15other symptoms of things like orthostatic disorders.
16:15other symptoms of things like orthostatic disorders.
16:15other symptoms of things like orthostatic disorders.
16:19Let's look at what the current recommendations are for people that suffer from orthostatic disorders,
16:19Let's look at what the current recommendations are for people that suffer from orthostatic disorders,
16:19Let's look at what the current recommendations are for people that suffer from orthostatic disorders,
16:19Let's look at what the current recommendations are for people that suffer from orthostatic disorders,
16:19Let's look at what the current recommendations are for people that suffer from orthostatic disorders,
16:25like orthostatic hypo, meaning too low tension, orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome, sometimes referred to
16:25like orthostatic hypo, meaning too low tension, orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome, sometimes referred to
16:25like orthostatic hypo, meaning too low tension, orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome, sometimes referred to
16:25like orthostatic hypo, meaning too low tension, orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome, sometimes referred to
16:25like orthostatic hypo, meaning too low tension, orthostatic hypotension, postural tachycardia syndrome, sometimes referred to
16:33as POTS, P -O -T -S, or idiopathic orthostatic tachycardia and syncope.
16:33as POTS, P -O -T -S, or idiopathic orthostatic tachycardia and syncope.
16:33as POTS, P -O -T -S, or idiopathic orthostatic tachycardia and syncope.
16:33as POTS, P -O -T -S, or idiopathic orthostatic tachycardia and syncope.
16:33as POTS, P -O -T -S, or idiopathic orthostatic tachycardia and syncope.
16:38Those groups are often told to increase their salt intake in order to combat their
16:38Those groups are often told to increase their salt intake in order to combat their
16:38Those groups are often told to increase their salt intake in order to combat their
16:38Those groups are often told to increase their salt intake in order to combat their
16:38Those groups are often told to increase their salt intake in order to combat their
16:43symptoms. The American Society of Hypertension recommends anywhere from 6 ,000 to 10 ,000, these
16:43symptoms. The American Society of Hypertension recommends anywhere from 6 ,000 to 10 ,000, these
16:43symptoms. The American Society of Hypertension recommends anywhere from 6 ,000 to 10 ,000, these
16:43symptoms. The American Society of Hypertension recommends anywhere from 6 ,000 to 10 ,000, these
16:43symptoms. The American Society of Hypertension recommends anywhere from 6 ,000 to 10 ,000, these
16:49are very high levels. So this is six grams to 10 grams of salt per
16:49are very high levels. So this is six grams to 10 grams of salt per
16:49are very high levels. So this is six grams to 10 grams of salt per
16:49are very high levels. So this is six grams to 10 grams of salt per
16:49are very high levels. So this is six grams to 10 grams of salt per
16:53day, keeping in mind again, that salt is not the same as sodium.
16:53day, keeping in mind again, that salt is not the same as sodium.
16:53day, keeping in mind again, that salt is not the same as sodium.
16:53day, keeping in mind again, that salt is not the same as sodium.
16:53day, keeping in mind again, that salt is not the same as sodium.
16:58So that equates to about 2 ,400 to 4 ,000 milligrams of sodium per day.
16:58So that equates to about 2 ,400 to 4 ,000 milligrams of sodium per day.
16:58So that equates to about 2 ,400 to 4 ,000 milligrams of sodium per day.
16:58So that equates to about 2 ,400 to 4 ,000 milligrams of sodium per day.
16:58So that equates to about 2 ,400 to 4 ,000 milligrams of sodium per day.
17:03I point out this paper and I point out these higher salt recommendations to emphasize
17:03I point out this paper and I point out these higher salt recommendations to emphasize
17:03I point out this paper and I point out these higher salt recommendations to emphasize
17:03I point out this paper and I point out these higher salt recommendations to emphasize
17:03I point out this paper and I point out these higher salt recommendations to emphasize
17:09again that context is vital, right?
17:09again that context is vital, right?
17:09again that context is vital, right?
17:09again that context is vital, right?
17:09again that context is vital, right?
17:12That people with high blood pressure are going to need certain amounts of salt intake.
17:12That people with high blood pressure are going to need certain amounts of salt intake.
17:12That people with high blood pressure are going to need certain amounts of salt intake.
17:12That people with high blood pressure are going to need certain amounts of salt intake.
17:12That people with high blood pressure are going to need certain amounts of salt intake.
17:16People with lower blood pressure are going to need higher amounts of salt.
17:16People with lower blood pressure are going to need higher amounts of salt.
17:16People with lower blood pressure are going to need higher amounts of salt.
17:16People with lower blood pressure are going to need higher amounts of salt.
17:16People with lower blood pressure are going to need higher amounts of salt.
17:21And for most people out there, you're going to need to evaluate how much salt
17:21And for most people out there, you're going to need to evaluate how much salt
17:21And for most people out there, you're going to need to evaluate how much salt
17:21And for most people out there, you're going to need to evaluate how much salt
17:21And for most people out there, you're going to need to evaluate how much salt
17:25intake is going to allow your...
17:25intake is going to allow your...
17:25intake is going to allow your...
17:25intake is going to allow your...
17:25intake is going to allow your...
17:27brain and body to function optimally.
17:27brain and body to function optimally.
17:27brain and body to function optimally.
17:27brain and body to function optimally.
17:27brain and body to function optimally.
17:29So if you're exercising a lot, if you're in a particular cold, dry environment or
17:29So if you're exercising a lot, if you're in a particular cold, dry environment or
17:29So if you're exercising a lot, if you're in a particular cold, dry environment or
17:29So if you're exercising a lot, if you're in a particular cold, dry environment or
17:29So if you're exercising a lot, if you're in a particular cold, dry environment or
17:33a particular hot environment, you ought to be ingesting sufficient amounts of salt and fluid.
17:33a particular hot environment, you ought to be ingesting sufficient amounts of salt and fluid.
17:33a particular hot environment, you ought to be ingesting sufficient amounts of salt and fluid.
17:33a particular hot environment, you ought to be ingesting sufficient amounts of salt and fluid.
17:33a particular hot environment, you ought to be ingesting sufficient amounts of salt and fluid.
17:38A rule of thumb for exercise -based replenishment of fluid comes from what I, some
17:38A rule of thumb for exercise -based replenishment of fluid comes from what I, some
17:38A rule of thumb for exercise -based replenishment of fluid comes from what I, some
17:38A rule of thumb for exercise -based replenishment of fluid comes from what I, some
17:38A rule of thumb for exercise -based replenishment of fluid comes from what I, some
17:45episodes back, referred to as the Galpin equation.
17:45episodes back, referred to as the Galpin equation.
17:45episodes back, referred to as the Galpin equation.
17:45episodes back, referred to as the Galpin equation.
17:45episodes back, referred to as the Galpin equation.
17:48The Galpin equation, I named it after Andy Galpin, and I think that is the
17:48The Galpin equation, I named it after Andy Galpin, and I think that is the
17:48The Galpin equation, I named it after Andy Galpin, and I think that is the
17:48The Galpin equation, I named it after Andy Galpin, and I think that is the
17:48The Galpin equation, I named it after Andy Galpin, and I think that is the
17:53appropriate attribution there. Andy Galpin is an exercise physiologist.
17:53appropriate attribution there. Andy Galpin is an exercise physiologist.
17:53appropriate attribution there. Andy Galpin is an exercise physiologist.
17:53appropriate attribution there. Andy Galpin is an exercise physiologist.
17:53appropriate attribution there. Andy Galpin is an exercise physiologist.
17:57So the Galpin equation is based on the fact that we lose about one to
17:57So the Galpin equation is based on the fact that we lose about one to
17:57So the Galpin equation is based on the fact that we lose about one to
17:57So the Galpin equation is based on the fact that we lose about one to
17:57So the Galpin equation is based on the fact that we lose about one to
18:01five pounds of water per hour, which can definitely impact our mental capacity and our
18:01five pounds of water per hour, which can definitely impact our mental capacity and our
18:01five pounds of water per hour, which can definitely impact our mental capacity and our
18:01five pounds of water per hour, which can definitely impact our mental capacity and our
18:01five pounds of water per hour, which can definitely impact our mental capacity and our
18:08physical performance. And the reason that loss of water from our system impacts mental capacity
18:08physical performance. And the reason that loss of water from our system impacts mental capacity
18:08physical performance. And the reason that loss of water from our system impacts mental capacity
18:08physical performance. And the reason that loss of water from our system impacts mental capacity
18:08physical performance. And the reason that loss of water from our system impacts mental capacity
18:14and physical performance has a lot to do with literally the changes in the volume
18:14and physical performance has a lot to do with literally the changes in the volume
18:14and physical performance has a lot to do with literally the changes in the volume
18:14and physical performance has a lot to do with literally the changes in the volume
18:14and physical performance has a lot to do with literally the changes in the volume
18:18of those cells, the size of those cells, based on how much sodium is contained
18:18of those cells, the size of those cells, based on how much sodium is contained
18:18of those cells, the size of those cells, based on how much sodium is contained
18:18of those cells, the size of those cells, based on how much sodium is contained
18:18of those cells, the size of those cells, based on how much sodium is contained
18:22in or outside those cells.
18:22in or outside those cells.
18:22in or outside those cells.
18:22in or outside those cells.
18:22in or outside those cells.
18:23And the formula for hydration, the so -called Galpin equation, is your body weight in
18:23And the formula for hydration, the so -called Galpin equation, is your body weight in
18:23And the formula for hydration, the so -called Galpin equation, is your body weight in
18:23And the formula for hydration, the so -called Galpin equation, is your body weight in
18:23And the formula for hydration, the so -called Galpin equation, is your body weight in
18:29pounds divided by 30 equals the ounces of fluid you should drink every 15 minutes.
18:29pounds divided by 30 equals the ounces of fluid you should drink every 15 minutes.
18:29pounds divided by 30 equals the ounces of fluid you should drink every 15 minutes.
18:29pounds divided by 30 equals the ounces of fluid you should drink every 15 minutes.
18:29pounds divided by 30 equals the ounces of fluid you should drink every 15 minutes.
18:36Now, the Galpin equation is mainly designed for exercise, but I think is actually a
18:36Now, the Galpin equation is mainly designed for exercise, but I think is actually a
18:36Now, the Galpin equation is mainly designed for exercise, but I think is actually a
18:36Now, the Galpin equation is mainly designed for exercise, but I think is actually a
18:36Now, the Galpin equation is mainly designed for exercise, but I think is actually a
18:43very good rule of thumb for any time that you need to engage mental capacity,
18:43very good rule of thumb for any time that you need to engage mental capacity,
18:43very good rule of thumb for any time that you need to engage mental capacity,
18:43very good rule of thumb for any time that you need to engage mental capacity,
18:43very good rule of thumb for any time that you need to engage mental capacity,
18:48not just physical performance. The idea is to make sure that you're entering the activity,
18:48not just physical performance. The idea is to make sure that you're entering the activity,
18:48not just physical performance. The idea is to make sure that you're entering the activity,
18:48not just physical performance. The idea is to make sure that you're entering the activity,
18:48not just physical performance. The idea is to make sure that you're entering the activity,
18:53cognitive or physical, sufficiently hydrated, and that throughout that activity, you're hydrating regularly.
18:53cognitive or physical, sufficiently hydrated, and that throughout that activity, you're hydrating regularly.
18:53cognitive or physical, sufficiently hydrated, and that throughout that activity, you're hydrating regularly.
18:53cognitive or physical, sufficiently hydrated, and that throughout that activity, you're hydrating regularly.
18:53cognitive or physical, sufficiently hydrated, and that throughout that activity, you're hydrating regularly.
19:00And it points to the fact that most people are probably under hydrating, but not
19:00And it points to the fact that most people are probably under hydrating, but not
19:00And it points to the fact that most people are probably under hydrating, but not
19:00And it points to the fact that most people are probably under hydrating, but not
19:00And it points to the fact that most people are probably under hydrating, but not
19:05just under hydrating from the perspective of not ingesting enough water, that they're probably not
19:05just under hydrating from the perspective of not ingesting enough water, that they're probably not
19:05just under hydrating from the perspective of not ingesting enough water, that they're probably not
19:05just under hydrating from the perspective of not ingesting enough water, that they're probably not
19:05just under hydrating from the perspective of not ingesting enough water, that they're probably not
19:10getting enough electrolytes as well, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
19:10getting enough electrolytes as well, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
19:10getting enough electrolytes as well, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
19:10getting enough electrolytes as well, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
19:10getting enough electrolytes as well, sodium, potassium, and magnesium.
19:14I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Element.
19:14I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Element.
19:14I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Element.
19:14I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Element.
19:14I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge one of our sponsors, Element.
19:18Element is an electrolyte drink that has everything you need and nothing you don't.
19:18Element is an electrolyte drink that has everything you need and nothing you don't.
19:18Element is an electrolyte drink that has everything you need and nothing you don't.
19:18Element is an electrolyte drink that has everything you need and nothing you don't.
19:18Element is an electrolyte drink that has everything you need and nothing you don't.
19:21That means the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium in the correct amounts, but no sugar.
19:21That means the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium in the correct amounts, but no sugar.
19:21That means the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium in the correct amounts, but no sugar.
19:21That means the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium in the correct amounts, but no sugar.
19:21That means the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium in the correct amounts, but no sugar.
19:27Proper hydration is critical for optimal brain and body function.
19:27Proper hydration is critical for optimal brain and body function.
19:27Proper hydration is critical for optimal brain and body function.
19:27Proper hydration is critical for optimal brain and body function.
19:27Proper hydration is critical for optimal brain and body function.
19:30Even a slight degree of dehydration can diminish cognitive and physical performance.
19:30Even a slight degree of dehydration can diminish cognitive and physical performance.
19:30Even a slight degree of dehydration can diminish cognitive and physical performance.
19:30Even a slight degree of dehydration can diminish cognitive and physical performance.
19:30Even a slight degree of dehydration can diminish cognitive and physical performance.
19:34It's also important that you get adequate electrolytes.
19:34It's also important that you get adequate electrolytes.
19:34It's also important that you get adequate electrolytes.
19:34It's also important that you get adequate electrolytes.
19:34It's also important that you get adequate electrolytes.
19:37The electrolytes, the electrolytes, the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, are vital for functioning of
19:37The electrolytes, the electrolytes, the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, are vital for functioning of
19:37The electrolytes, the electrolytes, the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, are vital for functioning of
19:37The electrolytes, the electrolytes, the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, are vital for functioning of
19:37The electrolytes, the electrolytes, the electrolytes, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, are vital for functioning of
19:41all the cells in your body, especially your neurons or your nerve cells.
19:41all the cells in your body, especially your neurons or your nerve cells.
19:41all the cells in your body, especially your neurons or your nerve cells.
19:41all the cells in your body, especially your neurons or your nerve cells.
19:41all the cells in your body, especially your neurons or your nerve cells.
19:45Drinking element dissolved in water makes it very easy to ensure that you're getting adequate
19:45Drinking element dissolved in water makes it very easy to ensure that you're getting adequate
19:45Drinking element dissolved in water makes it very easy to ensure that you're getting adequate
19:45Drinking element dissolved in water makes it very easy to ensure that you're getting adequate
19:45Drinking element dissolved in water makes it very easy to ensure that you're getting adequate
19:49hydration and adequate electrolytes. To make sure that I'm getting proper amounts of hydration and
19:49hydration and adequate electrolytes. To make sure that I'm getting proper amounts of hydration and
19:49hydration and adequate electrolytes. To make sure that I'm getting proper amounts of hydration and
19:49hydration and adequate electrolytes. To make sure that I'm getting proper amounts of hydration and
19:49hydration and adequate electrolytes. To make sure that I'm getting proper amounts of hydration and
19:53electrolytes, I dissolve one packet of element in about 16 to 32 ounces of water
19:53electrolytes, I dissolve one packet of element in about 16 to 32 ounces of water
19:53electrolytes, I dissolve one packet of element in about 16 to 32 ounces of water
19:53electrolytes, I dissolve one packet of element in about 16 to 32 ounces of water
19:53electrolytes, I dissolve one packet of element in about 16 to 32 ounces of water
19:58when I first wake up in the morning, and I drink that basically first thing
19:58when I first wake up in the morning, and I drink that basically first thing
19:58when I first wake up in the morning, and I drink that basically first thing
19:58when I first wake up in the morning, and I drink that basically first thing
19:58when I first wake up in the morning, and I drink that basically first thing
20:01in the morning. I'll also drink element dissolved in water during any kind of physical
20:01in the morning. I'll also drink element dissolved in water during any kind of physical
20:01in the morning. I'll also drink element dissolved in water during any kind of physical
20:01in the morning. I'll also drink element dissolved in water during any kind of physical
20:01in the morning. I'll also drink element dissolved in water during any kind of physical
20:05exercise that I'm doing, especially on hot days when I'm sweating a lot and losing
20:05exercise that I'm doing, especially on hot days when I'm sweating a lot and losing
20:05exercise that I'm doing, especially on hot days when I'm sweating a lot and losing
20:05exercise that I'm doing, especially on hot days when I'm sweating a lot and losing
20:05exercise that I'm doing, especially on hot days when I'm sweating a lot and losing
20:09water and electrolytes. Element has a bunch of great tasting flavors.
20:09water and electrolytes. Element has a bunch of great tasting flavors.
20:09water and electrolytes. Element has a bunch of great tasting flavors.
20:09water and electrolytes. Element has a bunch of great tasting flavors.
20:09water and electrolytes. Element has a bunch of great tasting flavors.
20:12I love the raspberry, I love the citrus flavor.
20:12I love the raspberry, I love the citrus flavor.
20:12I love the raspberry, I love the citrus flavor.
20:12I love the raspberry, I love the citrus flavor.
20:12I love the raspberry, I love the citrus flavor.
20:15Right now, element has a limited edition lemonade flavor that is absolutely delicious.
20:15Right now, element has a limited edition lemonade flavor that is absolutely delicious.
20:15Right now, element has a limited edition lemonade flavor that is absolutely delicious.
20:15Right now, element has a limited edition lemonade flavor that is absolutely delicious.
20:15Right now, element has a limited edition lemonade flavor that is absolutely delicious.
20:19I hate to say that I love one more than all the others, but this
20:19I hate to say that I love one more than all the others, but this
20:19I hate to say that I love one more than all the others, but this
20:19I hate to say that I love one more than all the others, but this
20:19I hate to say that I love one more than all the others, but this
20:23lemonade flavor is right up there with my favorite other one, which is raspberry or
20:23lemonade flavor is right up there with my favorite other one, which is raspberry or
20:23lemonade flavor is right up there with my favorite other one, which is raspberry or
20:23lemonade flavor is right up there with my favorite other one, which is raspberry or
20:23lemonade flavor is right up there with my favorite other one, which is raspberry or
20:26watermelon. Again, I can't pick just one flavor, I love them all.
20:26watermelon. Again, I can't pick just one flavor, I love them all.
20:26watermelon. Again, I can't pick just one flavor, I love them all.
20:26watermelon. Again, I can't pick just one flavor, I love them all.
20:26watermelon. Again, I can't pick just one flavor, I love them all.
20:29If you'd like to try element, you can go to drinkelement .com slash Huberman, spelled
20:29If you'd like to try element, you can go to drinkelement .com slash Huberman, spelled
20:29If you'd like to try element, you can go to drinkelement .com slash Huberman, spelled
20:29If you'd like to try element, you can go to drinkelement .com slash Huberman, spelled
20:29If you'd like to try element, you can go to drinkelement .com slash Huberman, spelled
20:34drink, L -M -N -T dot com slash Huberman to claim a free element sample
20:34drink, L -M -N -T dot com slash Huberman to claim a free element sample
20:34drink, L -M -N -T dot com slash Huberman to claim a free element sample
20:34drink, L -M -N -T dot com slash Huberman to claim a free element sample
20:34drink, L -M -N -T dot com slash Huberman to claim a free element sample
20:39pack with a purchase of any element drink mix.
20:39pack with a purchase of any element drink mix.
20:39pack with a purchase of any element drink mix.
20:39pack with a purchase of any element drink mix.
20:39pack with a purchase of any element drink mix.
20:41Again, that's drinkelement .com slash Huberman to claim a free sample pack.
20:41Again, that's drinkelement .com slash Huberman to claim a free sample pack.
20:41Again, that's drinkelement .com slash Huberman to claim a free sample pack.
20:41Again, that's drinkelement .com slash Huberman to claim a free sample pack.
20:41Again, that's drinkelement .com slash Huberman to claim a free sample pack.
20:46So we've all heard about how excess salt, it's bad for blood pressure, damage the
20:46So we've all heard about how excess salt, it's bad for blood pressure, damage the
20:46So we've all heard about how excess salt, it's bad for blood pressure, damage the
20:46So we've all heard about how excess salt, it's bad for blood pressure, damage the
20:46So we've all heard about how excess salt, it's bad for blood pressure, damage the
20:50heart, the brain, et cetera.
20:50heart, the brain, et cetera.
20:50heart, the brain, et cetera.
20:50heart, the brain, et cetera.
20:50heart, the brain, et cetera.
20:52I do want to give some voice to situations where too little salt can actually
20:52I do want to give some voice to situations where too little salt can actually
20:52I do want to give some voice to situations where too little salt can actually
20:52I do want to give some voice to situations where too little salt can actually
20:52I do want to give some voice to situations where too little salt can actually
20:57cause problems. And this has everything to do with the nervous system.
20:57cause problems. And this has everything to do with the nervous system.
20:57cause problems. And this has everything to do with the nervous system.
20:57cause problems. And this has everything to do with the nervous system.
20:57cause problems. And this has everything to do with the nervous system.
21:00So without getting into excessive amounts of detail, the kidneys, as we talked about before,
21:00So without getting into excessive amounts of detail, the kidneys, as we talked about before,
21:00So without getting into excessive amounts of detail, the kidneys, as we talked about before,
21:00So without getting into excessive amounts of detail, the kidneys, as we talked about before,
21:00So without getting into excessive amounts of detail, the kidneys, as we talked about before,
21:07are going to regulate salt and fluid balance.
21:07are going to regulate salt and fluid balance.
21:07are going to regulate salt and fluid balance.
21:07are going to regulate salt and fluid balance.
21:07are going to regulate salt and fluid balance.
21:11The adrenal glands, which ride atop the kidneys, are going to make glucocorticoids like aldosterone,
21:11The adrenal glands, which ride atop the kidneys, are going to make glucocorticoids like aldosterone,
21:11The adrenal glands, which ride atop the kidneys, are going to make glucocorticoids like aldosterone,
21:11The adrenal glands, which ride atop the kidneys, are going to make glucocorticoids like aldosterone,
21:11The adrenal glands, which ride atop the kidneys, are going to make glucocorticoids like aldosterone,
21:17and those are going to directly impact things like fluid balance.
21:17and those are going to directly impact things like fluid balance.
21:17and those are going to directly impact things like fluid balance.
21:17and those are going to directly impact things like fluid balance.
21:17and those are going to directly impact things like fluid balance.
21:21And in part, they do that by regulating how much craving for and tolerance of
21:21And in part, they do that by regulating how much craving for and tolerance of
21:21And in part, they do that by regulating how much craving for and tolerance of
21:21And in part, they do that by regulating how much craving for and tolerance of
21:21And in part, they do that by regulating how much craving for and tolerance of
21:27salty solutions we have. The whole basis for a relationship between the adrenal system, these
21:27salty solutions we have. The whole basis for a relationship between the adrenal system, these
21:27salty solutions we have. The whole basis for a relationship between the adrenal system, these
21:27salty solutions we have. The whole basis for a relationship between the adrenal system, these
21:27salty solutions we have. The whole basis for a relationship between the adrenal system, these
21:34glucocorticoids, things like aldosterone and the craving for sodium is that the stress system is
21:34glucocorticoids, things like aldosterone and the craving for sodium is that the stress system is
21:34glucocorticoids, things like aldosterone and the craving for sodium is that the stress system is
21:34glucocorticoids, things like aldosterone and the craving for sodium is that the stress system is
21:34glucocorticoids, things like aldosterone and the craving for sodium is that the stress system is
21:41a generic system designed to deal with various challenges to the organism, to you or
21:41a generic system designed to deal with various challenges to the organism, to you or
21:41a generic system designed to deal with various challenges to the organism, to you or
21:41a generic system designed to deal with various challenges to the organism, to you or
21:41a generic system designed to deal with various challenges to the organism, to you or
21:47to me or to an animal.
21:47to me or to an animal.
21:47to me or to an animal.
21:47to me or to an animal.
21:47to me or to an animal.
21:48And... And those challenges can arrive in many different forms.
21:48And... And those challenges can arrive in many different forms.
21:48And... And those challenges can arrive in many different forms.
21:48And... And those challenges can arrive in many different forms.
21:48And... And those challenges can arrive in many different forms.
21:53It can be an infection, it can be famine, it can be lack of water,
21:53It can be an infection, it can be famine, it can be lack of water,
21:53It can be an infection, it can be famine, it can be lack of water,
21:53It can be an infection, it can be famine, it can be lack of water,
21:53It can be an infection, it can be famine, it can be lack of water,
21:57and so on. But in general, the stress response is one of elevated heart rate,
21:57and so on. But in general, the stress response is one of elevated heart rate,
21:57and so on. But in general, the stress response is one of elevated heart rate,
21:57and so on. But in general, the stress response is one of elevated heart rate,
21:57and so on. But in general, the stress response is one of elevated heart rate,
22:02elevated blood pressure, and an ability to maintain movement and resistance to that challenge, okay?
22:02elevated blood pressure, and an ability to maintain movement and resistance to that challenge, okay?
22:02elevated blood pressure, and an ability to maintain movement and resistance to that challenge, okay?
22:02elevated blood pressure, and an ability to maintain movement and resistance to that challenge, okay?
22:02elevated blood pressure, and an ability to maintain movement and resistance to that challenge, okay?
22:09It's clear from a number of studies that if sodium levels are too low, that
22:09It's clear from a number of studies that if sodium levels are too low, that
22:09It's clear from a number of studies that if sodium levels are too low, that
22:09It's clear from a number of studies that if sodium levels are too low, that
22:09It's clear from a number of studies that if sodium levels are too low, that
22:13our ability to meet stress challenges is impaired.
22:13our ability to meet stress challenges is impaired.
22:13our ability to meet stress challenges is impaired.
22:13our ability to meet stress challenges is impaired.
22:13our ability to meet stress challenges is impaired.
22:16There are conditions such as when we are under stress challenge, when there is a
22:16There are conditions such as when we are under stress challenge, when there is a
22:16There are conditions such as when we are under stress challenge, when there is a
22:16There are conditions such as when we are under stress challenge, when there is a
22:16There are conditions such as when we are under stress challenge, when there is a
22:22natural craving for more sodium, and that natural craving for more sodium is hardwired into
22:22natural craving for more sodium, and that natural craving for more sodium is hardwired into
22:22natural craving for more sodium, and that natural craving for more sodium is hardwired into
22:22natural craving for more sodium, and that natural craving for more sodium is hardwired into
22:22natural craving for more sodium, and that natural craving for more sodium is hardwired into
22:27us as a way to meet that challenge.
22:27us as a way to meet that challenge.
22:27us as a way to meet that challenge.
22:27us as a way to meet that challenge.
22:27us as a way to meet that challenge.
22:29Now, we can't have a discussion about sodium without having a discussion about the other
22:29Now, we can't have a discussion about sodium without having a discussion about the other
22:29Now, we can't have a discussion about sodium without having a discussion about the other
22:29Now, we can't have a discussion about sodium without having a discussion about the other
22:29Now, we can't have a discussion about sodium without having a discussion about the other
22:33electrolytes, magnesium and potassium. I want to emphasize that many people are probably getting enough
22:33electrolytes, magnesium and potassium. I want to emphasize that many people are probably getting enough
22:33electrolytes, magnesium and potassium. I want to emphasize that many people are probably getting enough
22:33electrolytes, magnesium and potassium. I want to emphasize that many people are probably getting enough
22:33electrolytes, magnesium and potassium. I want to emphasize that many people are probably getting enough
22:39magnesium in their diet that they don't need to supplement magnesium.
22:39magnesium in their diet that they don't need to supplement magnesium.
22:39magnesium in their diet that they don't need to supplement magnesium.
22:39magnesium in their diet that they don't need to supplement magnesium.
22:39magnesium in their diet that they don't need to supplement magnesium.
22:43Some people, however, opt to supplement magnesium in ways that can support them.
22:43Some people, however, opt to supplement magnesium in ways that can support them.
22:43Some people, however, opt to supplement magnesium in ways that can support them.
22:43Some people, however, opt to supplement magnesium in ways that can support them.
22:43Some people, however, opt to supplement magnesium in ways that can support them.
22:48And there are many different forms of magnesium.
22:48And there are many different forms of magnesium.
22:48And there are many different forms of magnesium.
22:48And there are many different forms of magnesium.
22:48And there are many different forms of magnesium.
22:50And just in very brief passing, I'll just say that there is some evidence that
22:50And just in very brief passing, I'll just say that there is some evidence that
22:50And just in very brief passing, I'll just say that there is some evidence that
22:50And just in very brief passing, I'll just say that there is some evidence that
22:50And just in very brief passing, I'll just say that there is some evidence that
22:57you can reduce muscle soreness from exercise by ingestion of magnesium malate, M -A -L
22:57you can reduce muscle soreness from exercise by ingestion of magnesium malate, M -A -L
22:57you can reduce muscle soreness from exercise by ingestion of magnesium malate, M -A -L
22:57you can reduce muscle soreness from exercise by ingestion of magnesium malate, M -A -L
22:57you can reduce muscle soreness from exercise by ingestion of magnesium malate, M -A -L
23:04-A -T -E. I've talked before about magnesium threonate, T -H -R -E -N -O
23:04-A -T -E. I've talked before about magnesium threonate, T -H -R -E -N -O
23:04-A -T -E. I've talked before about magnesium threonate, T -H -R -E -N -O
23:04-A -T -E. I've talked before about magnesium threonate, T -H -R -E -N -O
23:04-A -T -E. I've talked before about magnesium threonate, T -H -R -E -N -O
23:11-A -T -E, magnesium threonate, for sake of promoting the transition into sleep and for
23:11-A -T -E, magnesium threonate, for sake of promoting the transition into sleep and for
23:11-A -T -E, magnesium threonate, for sake of promoting the transition into sleep and for
23:11-A -T -E, magnesium threonate, for sake of promoting the transition into sleep and for
23:11-A -T -E, magnesium threonate, for sake of promoting the transition into sleep and for
23:17depth of sleep. And then there are other forms of magnesium, magnesium bisglycinate, which it
23:17depth of sleep. And then there are other forms of magnesium, magnesium bisglycinate, which it
23:17depth of sleep. And then there are other forms of magnesium, magnesium bisglycinate, which it
23:17depth of sleep. And then there are other forms of magnesium, magnesium bisglycinate, which it
23:17depth of sleep. And then there are other forms of magnesium, magnesium bisglycinate, which it
23:21seems at least on par with magnesium threonate in terms of promoting transition into in
23:21seems at least on par with magnesium threonate in terms of promoting transition into in
23:21seems at least on par with magnesium threonate in terms of promoting transition into in
23:21seems at least on par with magnesium threonate in terms of promoting transition into in
23:21seems at least on par with magnesium threonate in terms of promoting transition into in
23:26-depth of sleep and so on.
23:26-depth of sleep and so on.
23:26-depth of sleep and so on.
23:26-depth of sleep and so on.
23:26-depth of sleep and so on.
23:28There are other forms of magnesium, magnesium citrate, which has other functions.
23:28There are other forms of magnesium, magnesium citrate, which has other functions.
23:28There are other forms of magnesium, magnesium citrate, which has other functions.
23:28There are other forms of magnesium, magnesium citrate, which has other functions.
23:28There are other forms of magnesium, magnesium citrate, which has other functions.
23:33Actually, magnesium citrate is a fairly effective laxative, not known to promote sleep and things
23:33Actually, magnesium citrate is a fairly effective laxative, not known to promote sleep and things
23:33Actually, magnesium citrate is a fairly effective laxative, not known to promote sleep and things
23:33Actually, magnesium citrate is a fairly effective laxative, not known to promote sleep and things
23:33Actually, magnesium citrate is a fairly effective laxative, not known to promote sleep and things
23:41of that sort. So a lot of different forms of magnesium, and there's still other
23:41of that sort. So a lot of different forms of magnesium, and there's still other
23:41of that sort. So a lot of different forms of magnesium, and there's still other
23:41of that sort. So a lot of different forms of magnesium, and there's still other
23:41of that sort. So a lot of different forms of magnesium, and there's still other
23:44forms out there. Many people are not getting enough magnesium.
23:44forms out there. Many people are not getting enough magnesium.
23:44forms out there. Many people are not getting enough magnesium.
23:44forms out there. Many people are not getting enough magnesium.
23:44forms out there. Many people are not getting enough magnesium.
23:47Many people are. Okay, so that's magnesium.
23:47Many people are. Okay, so that's magnesium.
23:47Many people are. Okay, so that's magnesium.
23:47Many people are. Okay, so that's magnesium.
23:47Many people are. Okay, so that's magnesium.
23:50Anytime we're talking about sodium balance, we have to take into consideration potassium because the
23:50Anytime we're talking about sodium balance, we have to take into consideration potassium because the
23:50Anytime we're talking about sodium balance, we have to take into consideration potassium because the
23:50Anytime we're talking about sodium balance, we have to take into consideration potassium because the
23:50Anytime we're talking about sodium balance, we have to take into consideration potassium because the
23:56way that the kidney works and the way that sodium balance is regulated both in
23:56way that the kidney works and the way that sodium balance is regulated both in
23:56way that the kidney works and the way that sodium balance is regulated both in
23:56way that the kidney works and the way that sodium balance is regulated both in
23:56way that the kidney works and the way that sodium balance is regulated both in
23:59the body and the brain.
23:59the body and the brain.
23:59the body and the brain.
23:59the body and the brain.
23:59the body and the brain.
24:00is that sodium and potassium are working in close concert with one another.
24:00is that sodium and potassium are working in close concert with one another.
24:00is that sodium and potassium are working in close concert with one another.
24:00is that sodium and potassium are working in close concert with one another.
24:00is that sodium and potassium are working in close concert with one another.
24:05There are a lot of different recommendations about ratios out there, and they range widely
24:05There are a lot of different recommendations about ratios out there, and they range widely
24:05There are a lot of different recommendations about ratios out there, and they range widely
24:05There are a lot of different recommendations about ratios out there, and they range widely
24:05There are a lot of different recommendations about ratios out there, and they range widely
24:10from two to one ratio of potassium to sodium.
24:10from two to one ratio of potassium to sodium.
24:10from two to one ratio of potassium to sodium.
24:10from two to one ratio of potassium to sodium.
24:10from two to one ratio of potassium to sodium.
24:14I've heard it in the other direction too.
24:14I've heard it in the other direction too.
24:14I've heard it in the other direction too.
24:14I've heard it in the other direction too.
24:14I've heard it in the other direction too.
24:16I've heard a two to one sodium to potassium.
24:16I've heard a two to one sodium to potassium.
24:16I've heard a two to one sodium to potassium.
24:16I've heard a two to one sodium to potassium.
24:16I've heard a two to one sodium to potassium.
24:19The recommendations vary. Now for people that are following low carbohydrate diets, one of the
24:19The recommendations vary. Now for people that are following low carbohydrate diets, one of the
24:19The recommendations vary. Now for people that are following low carbohydrate diets, one of the
24:19The recommendations vary. Now for people that are following low carbohydrate diets, one of the
24:19The recommendations vary. Now for people that are following low carbohydrate diets, one of the
24:25most immediate effects of a low carbohydrate diet is that you're going to excrete more
24:25most immediate effects of a low carbohydrate diet is that you're going to excrete more
24:25most immediate effects of a low carbohydrate diet is that you're going to excrete more
24:25most immediate effects of a low carbohydrate diet is that you're going to excrete more
24:25most immediate effects of a low carbohydrate diet is that you're going to excrete more
24:29water. And so under those conditions, you're also going to lose not just water, but
24:29water. And so under those conditions, you're also going to lose not just water, but
24:29water. And so under those conditions, you're also going to lose not just water, but
24:29water. And so under those conditions, you're also going to lose not just water, but
24:29water. And so under those conditions, you're also going to lose not just water, but
24:33you'll probably also lose sodium and potassium.
24:33you'll probably also lose sodium and potassium.
24:33you'll probably also lose sodium and potassium.
24:33you'll probably also lose sodium and potassium.
24:33you'll probably also lose sodium and potassium.
24:36And so some people, many people in fact, find that when they are on a
24:36And so some people, many people in fact, find that when they are on a
24:36And so some people, many people in fact, find that when they are on a
24:36And so some people, many people in fact, find that when they are on a
24:36And so some people, many people in fact, find that when they are on a
24:40lower or low carbohydrate diet, then they need to make sure that they're getting enough
24:40lower or low carbohydrate diet, then they need to make sure that they're getting enough
24:40lower or low carbohydrate diet, then they need to make sure that they're getting enough
24:40lower or low carbohydrate diet, then they need to make sure that they're getting enough
24:40lower or low carbohydrate diet, then they need to make sure that they're getting enough
24:44sodium and enough potassium. And of course, some people who are on low carbohydrate diets
24:44sodium and enough potassium. And of course, some people who are on low carbohydrate diets
24:44sodium and enough potassium. And of course, some people who are on low carbohydrate diets
24:44sodium and enough potassium. And of course, some people who are on low carbohydrate diets
24:44sodium and enough potassium. And of course, some people who are on low carbohydrate diets
24:49do ingest vegetables or other forms of food that carry along with them potassium.
24:49do ingest vegetables or other forms of food that carry along with them potassium.
24:49do ingest vegetables or other forms of food that carry along with them potassium.
24:49do ingest vegetables or other forms of food that carry along with them potassium.
24:49do ingest vegetables or other forms of food that carry along with them potassium.
24:55So it's quite variable from person to person.
24:55So it's quite variable from person to person.
24:55So it's quite variable from person to person.
24:55So it's quite variable from person to person.
24:55So it's quite variable from person to person.
25:00I mean, you can imagine if carbohydrate holds water, water and salt balance and potassium
25:00I mean, you can imagine if carbohydrate holds water, water and salt balance and potassium
25:00I mean, you can imagine if carbohydrate holds water, water and salt balance and potassium
25:00I mean, you can imagine if carbohydrate holds water, water and salt balance and potassium
25:00I mean, you can imagine if carbohydrate holds water, water and salt balance and potassium
25:05go hand in hand and hand, that if you're on a low carbohydrate diet, that
25:05go hand in hand and hand, that if you're on a low carbohydrate diet, that
25:05go hand in hand and hand, that if you're on a low carbohydrate diet, that
25:05go hand in hand and hand, that if you're on a low carbohydrate diet, that
25:05go hand in hand and hand, that if you're on a low carbohydrate diet, that
25:09you might need to adjust your salt intake and potassium.
25:09you might need to adjust your salt intake and potassium.
25:09you might need to adjust your salt intake and potassium.
25:09you might need to adjust your salt intake and potassium.
25:09you might need to adjust your salt intake and potassium.
25:12And conversely, that if you're on a carbohydrate rich diet or a moderate carbohydrate diet,
25:12And conversely, that if you're on a carbohydrate rich diet or a moderate carbohydrate diet,
25:12And conversely, that if you're on a carbohydrate rich diet or a moderate carbohydrate diet,
25:12And conversely, that if you're on a carbohydrate rich diet or a moderate carbohydrate diet,
25:12And conversely, that if you're on a carbohydrate rich diet or a moderate carbohydrate diet,
25:16then you may need to ingest less sodium and less potassium.
25:16then you may need to ingest less sodium and less potassium.
25:16then you may need to ingest less sodium and less potassium.
25:16then you may need to ingest less sodium and less potassium.
25:16then you may need to ingest less sodium and less potassium.
25:19So up until now, we've been talking about salt as a substance and a way
25:19So up until now, we've been talking about salt as a substance and a way
25:19So up until now, we've been talking about salt as a substance and a way
25:19So up until now, we've been talking about salt as a substance and a way
25:19So up until now, we've been talking about salt as a substance and a way
25:22to regulate fluid balance and blood volume and so on.
25:22to regulate fluid balance and blood volume and so on.
25:22to regulate fluid balance and blood volume and so on.
25:22to regulate fluid balance and blood volume and so on.
25:22to regulate fluid balance and blood volume and so on.
25:26We haven't talked a lot about salt as a taste or the taste of things
25:26We haven't talked a lot about salt as a taste or the taste of things
25:26We haven't talked a lot about salt as a taste or the taste of things
25:26We haven't talked a lot about salt as a taste or the taste of things
25:26We haven't talked a lot about salt as a taste or the taste of things
25:30that are salty. And yet we know that we have salt receptors, meaning neurons that
25:30that are salty. And yet we know that we have salt receptors, meaning neurons that
25:30that are salty. And yet we know that we have salt receptors, meaning neurons that
25:30that are salty. And yet we know that we have salt receptors, meaning neurons that
25:30that are salty. And yet we know that we have salt receptors, meaning neurons that
25:36fire action potentials when salty substances are detected, much in the same way that we
25:36fire action potentials when salty substances are detected, much in the same way that we
25:36fire action potentials when salty substances are detected, much in the same way that we
25:36fire action potentials when salty substances are detected, much in the same way that we
25:36fire action potentials when salty substances are detected, much in the same way that we
25:42have sweet detectors and bitter detectors.
25:42have sweet detectors and bitter detectors.
25:42have sweet detectors and bitter detectors.
25:42have sweet detectors and bitter detectors.
25:42have sweet detectors and bitter detectors.
25:44And we have detectors of umami, the savory flavor on our tongue.
25:44And we have detectors of umami, the savory flavor on our tongue.
25:44And we have detectors of umami, the savory flavor on our tongue.
25:44And we have detectors of umami, the savory flavor on our tongue.
25:44And we have detectors of umami, the savory flavor on our tongue.
25:49Well, we also have salt sensors at various locations throughout our digestive tract.
25:49Well, we also have salt sensors at various locations throughout our digestive tract.
25:49Well, we also have salt sensors at various locations throughout our digestive tract.
25:49Well, we also have salt sensors at various locations throughout our digestive tract.
25:49Well, we also have salt sensors at various locations throughout our digestive tract.
25:54Although that the sensation and the taste of salt actually exerts a very robust effect
25:54Although that the sensation and the taste of salt actually exerts a very robust effect
25:54Although that the sensation and the taste of salt actually exerts a very robust effect
25:54Although that the sensation and the taste of salt actually exerts a very robust effect
25:54Although that the sensation and the taste of salt actually exerts a very robust effect
26:00on certain areas of the brain that can either make us crave more or sate,
26:00on certain areas of the brain that can either make us crave more or sate,
26:00on certain areas of the brain that can either make us crave more or sate,
26:00on certain areas of the brain that can either make us crave more or sate,
26:00on certain areas of the brain that can either make us crave more or sate,
26:06meaning fulfill our desire for salt.
26:06meaning fulfill our desire for salt.
26:06meaning fulfill our desire for salt.
26:06meaning fulfill our desire for salt.
26:06meaning fulfill our desire for salt.
26:09And you can imagine why this would be important.
26:09And you can imagine why this would be important.
26:09And you can imagine why this would be important.
26:09And you can imagine why this would be important.
26:09And you can imagine why this would be important.
26:11Your brain actually has to register whether or not you're bringing in salt in order
26:11Your brain actually has to register whether or not you're bringing in salt in order
26:11Your brain actually has to register whether or not you're bringing in salt in order
26:11Your brain actually has to register whether or not you're bringing in salt in order
26:11Your brain actually has to register whether or not you're bringing in salt in order
26:15to know whether or not you are going to crave salt more or not.
26:15to know whether or not you are going to crave salt more or not.
26:15to know whether or not you are going to crave salt more or not.
26:15to know whether or not you are going to crave salt more or not.
26:15to know whether or not you are going to crave salt more or not.
26:20And beautiful work that's been done by the Zucker Lab, Z -U -K -E -R,
26:20And beautiful work that's been done by the Zucker Lab, Z -U -K -E -R,
26:20And beautiful work that's been done by the Zucker Lab, Z -U -K -E -R,
26:20And beautiful work that's been done by the Zucker Lab, Z -U -K -E -R,
26:20And beautiful work that's been done by the Zucker Lab, Z -U -K -E -R,
26:24Zucker Lab at Columbia University, as well as many other labs, have used imaging techniques
26:24Zucker Lab at Columbia University, as well as many other labs, have used imaging techniques
26:24Zucker Lab at Columbia University, as well as many other labs, have used imaging techniques
26:24Zucker Lab at Columbia University, as well as many other labs, have used imaging techniques
26:24Zucker Lab at Columbia University, as well as many other labs, have used imaging techniques
26:29and other techniques, such as molecular biology, to define these so -called parallel pathways.
26:29and other techniques, such as molecular biology, to define these so -called parallel pathways.
26:29and other techniques, such as molecular biology, to define these so -called parallel pathways.
26:29and other techniques, such as molecular biology, to define these so -called parallel pathways.
26:29and other techniques, such as molecular biology, to define these so -called parallel pathways.
26:33Parallel meaning pathways that represent sweet or the presence of sweet taste in the mouth
26:33Parallel meaning pathways that represent sweet or the presence of sweet taste in the mouth
26:33Parallel meaning pathways that represent sweet or the presence of sweet taste in the mouth
26:33Parallel meaning pathways that represent sweet or the presence of sweet taste in the mouth
26:33Parallel meaning pathways that represent sweet or the presence of sweet taste in the mouth
26:38and gut. Parallel pathways meaning neural circuits that represent the presence of salty tastes in
26:38and gut. Parallel pathways meaning neural circuits that represent the presence of salty tastes in
26:38and gut. Parallel pathways meaning neural circuits that represent the presence of salty tastes in
26:38and gut. Parallel pathways meaning neural circuits that represent the presence of salty tastes in
26:38and gut. Parallel pathways meaning neural circuits that represent the presence of salty tastes in
26:44the mouth and gut and so on.
26:44the mouth and gut and so on.
26:44the mouth and gut and so on.
26:44the mouth and gut and so on.
26:44the mouth and gut and so on.
26:45And that those go into the brain, move up through brain stem centers and up
26:45And that those go into the brain, move up through brain stem centers and up
26:45And that those go into the brain, move up through brain stem centers and up
26:45And that those go into the brain, move up through brain stem centers and up
26:45And that those go into the brain, move up through brain stem centers and up
26:50to the neocortex, indeed where our seat of our conscious perception is, to give us
26:50to the neocortex, indeed where our seat of our conscious perception is, to give us
26:50to the neocortex, indeed where our seat of our conscious perception is, to give us
26:50to the neocortex, indeed where our seat of our conscious perception is, to give us
26:50to the neocortex, indeed where our seat of our conscious perception is, to give us
26:55a sense and a perception of the components of the foods that we happen to
26:55a sense and a perception of the components of the foods that we happen to
26:55a sense and a perception of the components of the foods that we happen to
26:55a sense and a perception of the components of the foods that we happen to
26:55a sense and a perception of the components of the foods that we happen to
27:01be ingesting. The pathways, the parallel pathways for salty and the parallel pathways for sweet
27:01be ingesting. The pathways, the parallel pathways for salty and the parallel pathways for sweet
27:01be ingesting. The pathways, the parallel pathways for salty and the parallel pathways for sweet
27:01be ingesting. The pathways, the parallel pathways for salty and the parallel pathways for sweet
27:01be ingesting. The pathways, the parallel pathways for salty and the parallel pathways for sweet
27:07and bitter and so on can actually interact.
27:07and bitter and so on can actually interact.
27:07and bitter and so on can actually interact.
27:07and bitter and so on can actually interact.
27:07and bitter and so on can actually interact.
27:10And this has important relevance in the context of food choices and sugar craving.
27:10And this has important relevance in the context of food choices and sugar craving.
27:10And this has important relevance in the context of food choices and sugar craving.
27:10And this has important relevance in the context of food choices and sugar craving.
27:10And this has important relevance in the context of food choices and sugar craving.
27:14One of the things that's common place nowadays is in many processed foods, there is
27:14One of the things that's common place nowadays is in many processed foods, there is
27:14One of the things that's common place nowadays is in many processed foods, there is
27:14One of the things that's common place nowadays is in many processed foods, there is
27:14One of the things that's common place nowadays is in many processed foods, there is
27:20a business, literally, a business of putting so -called hidden sugars.
27:20a business, literally, a business of putting so -called hidden sugars.
27:20a business, literally, a business of putting so -called hidden sugars.
27:20a business, literally, a business of putting so -called hidden sugars.
27:20a business, literally, a business of putting so -called hidden sugars.
27:25And these hidden sugars are not always in the form of caloric sugars.
27:25And these hidden sugars are not always in the form of caloric sugars.
27:25And these hidden sugars are not always in the form of caloric sugars.
27:25And these hidden sugars are not always in the form of caloric sugars.
27:25And these hidden sugars are not always in the form of caloric sugars.
27:27They're sometimes in the form of artificial sweeteners into various foods.
27:27They're sometimes in the form of artificial sweeteners into various foods.
27:27They're sometimes in the form of artificial sweeteners into various foods.
27:27They're sometimes in the form of artificial sweeteners into various foods.
27:27They're sometimes in the form of artificial sweeteners into various foods.
27:31And you might say, well, why would they put more sugar into a food and
27:31And you might say, well, why would they put more sugar into a food and
27:31And you might say, well, why would they put more sugar into a food and
27:31And you might say, well, why would they put more sugar into a food and
27:31And you might say, well, why would they put more sugar into a food and
27:35then disguise the sugary taste, given that sweet tastes often compel people to eat more
27:35then disguise the sugary taste, given that sweet tastes often compel people to eat more
27:35then disguise the sugary taste, given that sweet tastes often compel people to eat more
27:35then disguise the sugary taste, given that sweet tastes often compel people to eat more
27:35then disguise the sugary taste, given that sweet tastes often compel people to eat more
27:40of these things? Well, it's a way actually of bypassing some of the homeostatic mechanisms
27:40of these things? Well, it's a way actually of bypassing some of the homeostatic mechanisms
27:40of these things? Well, it's a way actually of bypassing some of the homeostatic mechanisms
27:40of these things? Well, it's a way actually of bypassing some of the homeostatic mechanisms
27:40of these things? Well, it's a way actually of bypassing some of the homeostatic mechanisms
27:45for sweet. You know, even though we might think that the more sweet stuff we
27:45for sweet. You know, even though we might think that the more sweet stuff we
27:45for sweet. You know, even though we might think that the more sweet stuff we
27:45for sweet. You know, even though we might think that the more sweet stuff we
27:45for sweet. You know, even though we might think that the more sweet stuff we
27:49eat, the more sweet stuff we crave, in general, people have a threshold whereby they
27:49eat, the more sweet stuff we crave, in general, people have a threshold whereby they
27:49eat, the more sweet stuff we crave, in general, people have a threshold whereby they
27:49eat, the more sweet stuff we crave, in general, people have a threshold whereby they
27:49eat, the more sweet stuff we crave, in general, people have a threshold whereby they
27:53say, okay, I've had enough sugary stuff.
27:53say, okay, I've had enough sugary stuff.
27:53say, okay, I've had enough sugary stuff.
27:53say, okay, I've had enough sugary stuff.
27:53say, okay, I've had enough sugary stuff.
27:56So these sensory systems interact in this way by putting sugars into foods and hiding
27:56So these sensory systems interact in this way by putting sugars into foods and hiding
27:56So these sensory systems interact in this way by putting sugars into foods and hiding
27:56So these sensory systems interact in this way by putting sugars into foods and hiding
27:56So these sensory systems interact in this way by putting sugars into foods and hiding
28:04the sugary taste of those foods, those foods, even if they contain artificial sweeteners that
28:04the sugary taste of those foods, those foods, even if they contain artificial sweeteners that
28:04the sugary taste of those foods, those foods, even if they contain artificial sweeteners that
28:04the sugary taste of those foods, those foods, even if they contain artificial sweeteners that
28:04the sugary taste of those foods, those foods, even if they contain artificial sweeteners that
28:09will then signal to the brain to release more dopamine and make you crave more
28:09will then signal to the brain to release more dopamine and make you crave more
28:09will then signal to the brain to release more dopamine and make you crave more
28:09will then signal to the brain to release more dopamine and make you crave more
28:09will then signal to the brain to release more dopamine and make you crave more
28:12of that food. Whereas had you been able to perceive the true sweetness of that
28:12of that food. Whereas had you been able to perceive the true sweetness of that
28:12of that food. Whereas had you been able to perceive the true sweetness of that
28:12of that food. Whereas had you been able to perceive the true sweetness of that
28:12of that food. Whereas had you been able to perceive the true sweetness of that
28:17food, you might've consumed less.
28:17food, you might've consumed less.
28:17food, you might've consumed less.
28:17food, you might've consumed less.
28:17food, you might've consumed less.
28:19And indeed, that's what happens.
28:19And indeed, that's what happens.
28:19And indeed, that's what happens.
28:19And indeed, that's what happens.
28:19And indeed, that's what happens.
28:21So these hidden sugars are kind of di - metabolical.
28:21So these hidden sugars are kind of di - metabolical.
28:21So these hidden sugars are kind of di - metabolical.
28:21So these hidden sugars are kind of di - metabolical.
28:21So these hidden sugars are kind of di - metabolical.
28:23Why am I talking about all of this in the context of an episode on
28:23Why am I talking about all of this in the context of an episode on
28:23Why am I talking about all of this in the context of an episode on
28:23Why am I talking about all of this in the context of an episode on
28:23Why am I talking about all of this in the context of an episode on
28:27salt? Well, as many of you probably noticed, a lot of foods out there contain
28:27salt? Well, as many of you probably noticed, a lot of foods out there contain
28:27salt? Well, as many of you probably noticed, a lot of foods out there contain
28:27salt? Well, as many of you probably noticed, a lot of foods out there contain
28:27salt? Well, as many of you probably noticed, a lot of foods out there contain
28:33a salty -sweet combination, and it is that combination of salty and sweet which can
28:33a salty -sweet combination, and it is that combination of salty and sweet which can
28:33a salty -sweet combination, and it is that combination of salty and sweet which can
28:33a salty -sweet combination, and it is that combination of salty and sweet which can
28:33a salty -sweet combination, and it is that combination of salty and sweet which can
28:39actually lead you to consume more of the salty -sweet food than you would have
28:39actually lead you to consume more of the salty -sweet food than you would have
28:39actually lead you to consume more of the salty -sweet food than you would have
28:39actually lead you to consume more of the salty -sweet food than you would have
28:39actually lead you to consume more of the salty -sweet food than you would have
28:44if it had just been sweet or it had just been salty, and that's because
28:44if it had just been sweet or it had just been salty, and that's because
28:44if it had just been sweet or it had just been salty, and that's because
28:44if it had just been sweet or it had just been salty, and that's because
28:44if it had just been sweet or it had just been salty, and that's because
28:49both sweet taste and salty taste have a homeostatic balance.
28:49both sweet taste and salty taste have a homeostatic balance.
28:49both sweet taste and salty taste have a homeostatic balance.
28:49both sweet taste and salty taste have a homeostatic balance.
28:49both sweet taste and salty taste have a homeostatic balance.
28:55So if you ingest something that's very, very salty, pretty soon your appetite for salty
28:55So if you ingest something that's very, very salty, pretty soon your appetite for salty
28:55So if you ingest something that's very, very salty, pretty soon your appetite for salty
28:55So if you ingest something that's very, very salty, pretty soon your appetite for salty
28:55So if you ingest something that's very, very salty, pretty soon your appetite for salty
28:58foods will be reduced, but if you mask some of that with sweet, well, because
28:58foods will be reduced, but if you mask some of that with sweet, well, because
28:58foods will be reduced, but if you mask some of that with sweet, well, because
28:58foods will be reduced, but if you mask some of that with sweet, well, because
28:58foods will be reduced, but if you mask some of that with sweet, well, because
29:03of the interactions of these parallel pathways, you somewhat shut down your perception of how
29:03of the interactions of these parallel pathways, you somewhat shut down your perception of how
29:03of the interactions of these parallel pathways, you somewhat shut down your perception of how
29:03of the interactions of these parallel pathways, you somewhat shut down your perception of how
29:03of the interactions of these parallel pathways, you somewhat shut down your perception of how
29:09much salt you're ingesting, or conversely, by ingesting some salt with sweet foods, you mask
29:09much salt you're ingesting, or conversely, by ingesting some salt with sweet foods, you mask
29:09much salt you're ingesting, or conversely, by ingesting some salt with sweet foods, you mask
29:09much salt you're ingesting, or conversely, by ingesting some salt with sweet foods, you mask
29:09much salt you're ingesting, or conversely, by ingesting some salt with sweet foods, you mask
29:15some of the sweetness of the sweet foods that you're tasting, and you will continue
29:15some of the sweetness of the sweet foods that you're tasting, and you will continue
29:15some of the sweetness of the sweet foods that you're tasting, and you will continue
29:15some of the sweetness of the sweet foods that you're tasting, and you will continue
29:15some of the sweetness of the sweet foods that you're tasting, and you will continue
29:18to indulge in those foods.
29:18to indulge in those foods.
29:18to indulge in those foods.
29:18to indulge in those foods.
29:18to indulge in those foods.
29:19So salty -sweet interactions can be very diabolical.
29:19So salty -sweet interactions can be very diabolical.
29:19So salty -sweet interactions can be very diabolical.
29:19So salty -sweet interactions can be very diabolical.
29:19So salty -sweet interactions can be very diabolical.
29:23They can also be very tasty, but they can be very diabolical in terms of
29:23They can also be very tasty, but they can be very diabolical in terms of
29:23They can also be very tasty, but they can be very diabolical in terms of
29:23They can also be very tasty, but they can be very diabolical in terms of
29:23They can also be very tasty, but they can be very diabolical in terms of
29:27inspiring you to eat more of a particular food than you would otherwise if you
29:27inspiring you to eat more of a particular food than you would otherwise if you
29:27inspiring you to eat more of a particular food than you would otherwise if you
29:27inspiring you to eat more of a particular food than you would otherwise if you
29:27inspiring you to eat more of a particular food than you would otherwise if you
29:31were just following your homeostatic salt or your homeostatic sugar balance systems.
29:31were just following your homeostatic salt or your homeostatic sugar balance systems.
29:31were just following your homeostatic salt or your homeostatic sugar balance systems.
29:31were just following your homeostatic salt or your homeostatic sugar balance systems.
29:31were just following your homeostatic salt or your homeostatic sugar balance systems.
29:37So your brain has a way of representing the pure form of taste, salty, sweet,
29:37So your brain has a way of representing the pure form of taste, salty, sweet,
29:37So your brain has a way of representing the pure form of taste, salty, sweet,
29:37So your brain has a way of representing the pure form of taste, salty, sweet,
29:37So your brain has a way of representing the pure form of taste, salty, sweet,
29:42bitter, etc., and has a way of representing their combinations.
29:42bitter, etc., and has a way of representing their combinations.
29:42bitter, etc., and has a way of representing their combinations.
29:42bitter, etc., and has a way of representing their combinations.
29:42bitter, etc., and has a way of representing their combinations.
29:45And food manufacturers have exploited this to a large degree.
29:45And food manufacturers have exploited this to a large degree.
29:45And food manufacturers have exploited this to a large degree.
29:45And food manufacturers have exploited this to a large degree.
29:45And food manufacturers have exploited this to a large degree.
29:49I mention all of this because if you're somebody who's looking to explore either increasing
29:49I mention all of this because if you're somebody who's looking to explore either increasing
29:49I mention all of this because if you're somebody who's looking to explore either increasing
29:49I mention all of this because if you're somebody who's looking to explore either increasing
29:49I mention all of this because if you're somebody who's looking to explore either increasing
29:55or decreasing your sodium intake for health benefits, for performance benefits, in many ways it
29:55or decreasing your sodium intake for health benefits, for performance benefits, in many ways it
29:55or decreasing your sodium intake for health benefits, for performance benefits, in many ways it
29:55or decreasing your sodium intake for health benefits, for performance benefits, in many ways it
29:55or decreasing your sodium intake for health benefits, for performance benefits, in many ways it
30:02is useful to do that in the context of a fairly pure, meaning unprocessed food
30:02is useful to do that in the context of a fairly pure, meaning unprocessed food
30:02is useful to do that in the context of a fairly pure, meaning unprocessed food
30:02is useful to do that in the context of a fairly pure, meaning unprocessed food
30:02is useful to do that in the context of a fairly pure, meaning unprocessed food
30:07intake background, whether or not that's keto, carnivore, omnivore, intermittent fasting, or what have you,
30:07intake background, whether or not that's keto, carnivore, omnivore, intermittent fasting, or what have you,
30:07intake background, whether or not that's keto, carnivore, omnivore, intermittent fasting, or what have you,
30:07intake background, whether or not that's keto, carnivore, omnivore, intermittent fasting, or what have you,
30:07intake background, whether or not that's keto, carnivore, omnivore, intermittent fasting, or what have you,
30:14it doesn't really matter. But the closer that foods are to their basic form and
30:14it doesn't really matter. But the closer that foods are to their basic form and
30:14it doesn't really matter. But the closer that foods are to their basic form and
30:14it doesn't really matter. But the closer that foods are to their basic form and
30:14it doesn't really matter. But the closer that foods are to their basic form and
30:18taste, meaning not large combinations of large amounts of ingredients, and certainly avoiding highly processed
30:18taste, meaning not large combinations of large amounts of ingredients, and certainly avoiding highly processed
30:18taste, meaning not large combinations of large amounts of ingredients, and certainly avoiding highly processed
30:18taste, meaning not large combinations of large amounts of ingredients, and certainly avoiding highly processed
30:18taste, meaning not large combinations of large amounts of ingredients, and certainly avoiding highly processed
30:26foods, the more quickly you're going to be able to hone in on your specific
30:26foods, the more quickly you're going to be able to hone in on your specific
30:26foods, the more quickly you're going to be able to hone in on your specific
30:26foods, the more quickly you're going to be able to hone in on your specific
30:26foods, the more quickly you're going to be able to hone in on your specific
30:30salt appetite and salt needs, which as I've pointed out, numerous times throughout this episode
30:30salt appetite and salt needs, which as I've pointed out, numerous times throughout this episode
30:30salt appetite and salt needs, which as I've pointed out, numerous times throughout this episode
30:30salt appetite and salt needs, which as I've pointed out, numerous times throughout this episode
30:30salt appetite and salt needs, which as I've pointed out, numerous times throughout this episode
30:35are going to vary from person to person, depending on nutrition, depending on activity, depending
30:35are going to vary from person to person, depending on nutrition, depending on activity, depending
30:35are going to vary from person to person, depending on nutrition, depending on activity, depending
30:35are going to vary from person to person, depending on nutrition, depending on activity, depending
30:35are going to vary from person to person, depending on nutrition, depending on activity, depending
30:39on hormone status. So if you want to home in on the appropriate amount of
30:39on hormone status. So if you want to home in on the appropriate amount of
30:39on hormone status. So if you want to home in on the appropriate amount of
30:39on hormone status. So if you want to home in on the appropriate amount of
30:39on hormone status. So if you want to home in on the appropriate amount of
30:43sodium for you, yes, blood pressure is going to be an important metric to pay
30:43sodium for you, yes, blood pressure is going to be an important metric to pay
30:43sodium for you, yes, blood pressure is going to be an important metric to pay
30:43sodium for you, yes, blood pressure is going to be an important metric to pay
30:43sodium for you, yes, blood pressure is going to be an important metric to pay
30:47attention to as you go along.
30:47attention to as you go along.
30:47attention to as you go along.
30:47attention to as you go along.
30:47attention to as you go along.
30:49But in determining whether or not increasing your salt intake might be beneficial for, for
30:49But in determining whether or not increasing your salt intake might be beneficial for, for
30:49But in determining whether or not increasing your salt intake might be beneficial for, for
30:49But in determining whether or not increasing your salt intake might be beneficial for, for
30:49But in determining whether or not increasing your salt intake might be beneficial for, for
30:55instance, for reducing anxiety a bit or for increasing blood pressure to offset some of
30:55instance, for reducing anxiety a bit or for increasing blood pressure to offset some of
30:55instance, for reducing anxiety a bit or for increasing blood pressure to offset some of
30:55instance, for reducing anxiety a bit or for increasing blood pressure to offset some of
30:55instance, for reducing anxiety a bit or for increasing blood pressure to offset some of
30:59these postural syndromes where you get dizzy, et cetera, for improving sports performance or cognitive
30:59these postural syndromes where you get dizzy, et cetera, for improving sports performance or cognitive
30:59these postural syndromes where you get dizzy, et cetera, for improving sports performance or cognitive
30:59these postural syndromes where you get dizzy, et cetera, for improving sports performance or cognitive
30:59these postural syndromes where you get dizzy, et cetera, for improving sports performance or cognitive
31:04performance. And indeed, many people find, and it's reviewed a bit, and some of the
31:04performance. And indeed, many people find, and it's reviewed a bit, and some of the
31:04performance. And indeed, many people find, and it's reviewed a bit, and some of the
31:04performance. And indeed, many people find, and it's reviewed a bit, and some of the
31:04performance. And indeed, many people find, and it's reviewed a bit, and some of the
31:08data are reviewed in the book, The Salt Fix, that when people increase their salt
31:08data are reviewed in the book, The Salt Fix, that when people increase their salt
31:08data are reviewed in the book, The Salt Fix, that when people increase their salt
31:08data are reviewed in the book, The Salt Fix, that when people increase their salt
31:08data are reviewed in the book, The Salt Fix, that when people increase their salt
31:13intake in a backdrop of relatively unprocessed foods, that sugar cravings can indeed be vastly
31:13intake in a backdrop of relatively unprocessed foods, that sugar cravings can indeed be vastly
31:13intake in a backdrop of relatively unprocessed foods, that sugar cravings can indeed be vastly
31:13intake in a backdrop of relatively unprocessed foods, that sugar cravings can indeed be vastly
31:13intake in a backdrop of relatively unprocessed foods, that sugar cravings can indeed be vastly
31:20reduced. And that makes sense given the way that these neural pathways for salty and
31:20reduced. And that makes sense given the way that these neural pathways for salty and
31:20reduced. And that makes sense given the way that these neural pathways for salty and
31:20reduced. And that makes sense given the way that these neural pathways for salty and
31:20reduced. And that makes sense given the way that these neural pathways for salty and
31:24sweet interact. As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years
31:24sweet interact. As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years
31:24sweet interact. As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years
31:24sweet interact. As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years
31:24sweet interact. As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years
31:29now. I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast,
31:29now. I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast,
31:29now. I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast,
31:29now. I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast,
31:29now. I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast,
31:33and I've been taking it every day since.
31:33and I've been taking it every day since.
31:33and I've been taking it every day since.
31:33and I've been taking it every day since.
31:33and I've been taking it every day since.
31:36The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
31:36The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
31:36The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
31:36The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
31:36The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
31:39AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
31:39AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
31:39AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
31:39AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
31:39AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
31:44supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
31:44supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
31:44supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
31:44supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
31:44supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
31:51scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
31:51scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
31:51scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
31:51scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
31:51scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
31:54It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
31:54It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
31:54It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
31:54It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
31:54It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
31:58And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
31:58And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
31:58And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
31:58And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
31:58And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
32:02daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
32:02daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
32:02daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
32:02daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
32:02daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
32:05I certainly do that every day.
32:05I certainly do that every day.
32:05I certainly do that every day.
32:05I certainly do that every day.
32:05I certainly do that every day.
32:07But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
32:07But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
32:07But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
32:07But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
32:07But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
32:11be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
32:11be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
32:11be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
32:11be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
32:11be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
32:16to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
32:16to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
32:16to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
32:16to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
32:16to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
32:19I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
32:19I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
32:19I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
32:19I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
32:19I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
32:23other people who use AG1 daily.
32:23other people who use AG1 daily.
32:23other people who use AG1 daily.
32:23other people who use AG1 daily.
32:23other people who use AG1 daily.
32:25If you would like to try AG1, you can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman
32:25If you would like to try AG1, you can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman
32:25If you would like to try AG1, you can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman
32:25If you would like to try AG1, you can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman
32:25If you would like to try AG1, you can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman
32:31to get a special offer.
32:31to get a special offer.
32:31to get a special offer.
32:31to get a special offer.
32:31to get a special offer.
32:32For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
32:32For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
32:32For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
32:32For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
32:32For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
32:37a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
32:37a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
32:37a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
32:37a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
32:37a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
32:40Again, that's drinkag1 with the numeral 1 .com slash Huberman to get...
32:40Again, that's drinkag1 with the numeral 1 .com slash Huberman to get...
32:40Again, that's drinkag1 with the numeral 1 .com slash Huberman to get...
32:40Again, that's drinkag1 with the numeral 1 .com slash Huberman to get...
32:40Again, that's drinkag1 with the numeral 1 .com slash Huberman to get...
32:44six free travel packs, and a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
32:44six free travel packs, and a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
32:44six free travel packs, and a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
32:44six free travel packs, and a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
32:44six free travel packs, and a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
32:49Now, thus far, I've already covered quite a lot of material, but I would be
32:49Now, thus far, I've already covered quite a lot of material, but I would be
32:49Now, thus far, I've already covered quite a lot of material, but I would be
32:49Now, thus far, I've already covered quite a lot of material, but I would be
32:49Now, thus far, I've already covered quite a lot of material, but I would be
32:54completely remiss if I didn't emphasize the crucial role that sodium plays in the way
32:54completely remiss if I didn't emphasize the crucial role that sodium plays in the way
32:54completely remiss if I didn't emphasize the crucial role that sodium plays in the way
32:54completely remiss if I didn't emphasize the crucial role that sodium plays in the way
32:54completely remiss if I didn't emphasize the crucial role that sodium plays in the way
33:01that neurons function. In fact, sodium is one of the key elements that allows neurons
33:01that neurons function. In fact, sodium is one of the key elements that allows neurons
33:01that neurons function. In fact, sodium is one of the key elements that allows neurons
33:01that neurons function. In fact, sodium is one of the key elements that allows neurons
33:01that neurons function. In fact, sodium is one of the key elements that allows neurons
33:06to function at all. And that's by way of engaging what we call the action
33:06to function at all. And that's by way of engaging what we call the action
33:06to function at all. And that's by way of engaging what we call the action
33:06to function at all. And that's by way of engaging what we call the action
33:06to function at all. And that's by way of engaging what we call the action
33:10potential. The action potential is the fundamental way in which neurons communicate with one another.
33:10potential. The action potential is the fundamental way in which neurons communicate with one another.
33:10potential. The action potential is the fundamental way in which neurons communicate with one another.
33:10potential. The action potential is the fundamental way in which neurons communicate with one another.
33:10potential. The action potential is the fundamental way in which neurons communicate with one another.
33:16The point I'd like to make, at least as it relates to this episode on
33:16The point I'd like to make, at least as it relates to this episode on
33:16The point I'd like to make, at least as it relates to this episode on
33:16The point I'd like to make, at least as it relates to this episode on
33:16The point I'd like to make, at least as it relates to this episode on
33:19salt, is that having sufficient levels of salt in your system allows your brain to
33:19salt, is that having sufficient levels of salt in your system allows your brain to
33:19salt, is that having sufficient levels of salt in your system allows your brain to
33:19salt, is that having sufficient levels of salt in your system allows your brain to
33:19salt, is that having sufficient levels of salt in your system allows your brain to
33:25function, allows your nervous system to function at all.
33:25function, allows your nervous system to function at all.
33:25function, allows your nervous system to function at all.
33:25function, allows your nervous system to function at all.
33:25function, allows your nervous system to function at all.
33:27Again, this is the most basic aspect of nervous system function.
33:27Again, this is the most basic aspect of nervous system function.
33:27Again, this is the most basic aspect of nervous system function.
33:27Again, this is the most basic aspect of nervous system function.
33:27Again, this is the most basic aspect of nervous system function.
33:31And there are cases where this whole system gets disrupted.
33:31And there are cases where this whole system gets disrupted.
33:31And there are cases where this whole system gets disrupted.
33:31And there are cases where this whole system gets disrupted.
33:31And there are cases where this whole system gets disrupted.
33:36And that brings us to the topic of sodium and water balance.
33:36And that brings us to the topic of sodium and water balance.
33:36And that brings us to the topic of sodium and water balance.
33:36And that brings us to the topic of sodium and water balance.
33:36And that brings us to the topic of sodium and water balance.
33:41As many of you have probably heard, but hopefully if you haven't, you'll take this
33:41As many of you have probably heard, but hopefully if you haven't, you'll take this
33:41As many of you have probably heard, but hopefully if you haven't, you'll take this
33:41As many of you have probably heard, but hopefully if you haven't, you'll take this
33:41As many of you have probably heard, but hopefully if you haven't, you'll take this
33:46message seriously. If you drink too much water, especially in a short amount of time,
33:46message seriously. If you drink too much water, especially in a short amount of time,
33:46message seriously. If you drink too much water, especially in a short amount of time,
33:46message seriously. If you drink too much water, especially in a short amount of time,
33:46message seriously. If you drink too much water, especially in a short amount of time,
33:52you can actually kill yourself, right?
33:52you can actually kill yourself, right?
33:52you can actually kill yourself, right?
33:52you can actually kill yourself, right?
33:52you can actually kill yourself, right?
33:54And we certainly don't want that to happen.
33:54And we certainly don't want that to happen.
33:54And we certainly don't want that to happen.
33:54And we certainly don't want that to happen.
33:54And we certainly don't want that to happen.
33:57If you ingest a lot of water in a very short period of time, something
33:57If you ingest a lot of water in a very short period of time, something
33:57If you ingest a lot of water in a very short period of time, something
33:57If you ingest a lot of water in a very short period of time, something
33:57If you ingest a lot of water in a very short period of time, something
34:02called hypernatremia, you will excrete a lot of sodium very quickly.
34:02called hypernatremia, you will excrete a lot of sodium very quickly.
34:02called hypernatremia, you will excrete a lot of sodium very quickly.
34:02called hypernatremia, you will excrete a lot of sodium very quickly.
34:02called hypernatremia, you will excrete a lot of sodium very quickly.
34:06And your ability to regulate kidney function will be disrupted.
34:06And your ability to regulate kidney function will be disrupted.
34:06And your ability to regulate kidney function will be disrupted.
34:06And your ability to regulate kidney function will be disrupted.
34:06And your ability to regulate kidney function will be disrupted.
34:09But in addition to that, your brain can actually stop functioning.
34:09But in addition to that, your brain can actually stop functioning.
34:09But in addition to that, your brain can actually stop functioning.
34:09But in addition to that, your brain can actually stop functioning.
34:09But in addition to that, your brain can actually stop functioning.
34:13And I've talked about this a bit in the episode on endurance, but there are
34:13And I've talked about this a bit in the episode on endurance, but there are
34:13And I've talked about this a bit in the episode on endurance, but there are
34:13And I've talked about this a bit in the episode on endurance, but there are
34:13And I've talked about this a bit in the episode on endurance, but there are
34:17instances in which competitive athletes have come into the stadium to finish a final lap
34:17instances in which competitive athletes have come into the stadium to finish a final lap
34:17instances in which competitive athletes have come into the stadium to finish a final lap
34:17instances in which competitive athletes have come into the stadium to finish a final lap
34:17instances in which competitive athletes have come into the stadium to finish a final lap
34:22of a long endurance race and are completely disoriented and actually can't find their way
34:22of a long endurance race and are completely disoriented and actually can't find their way
34:22of a long endurance race and are completely disoriented and actually can't find their way
34:22of a long endurance race and are completely disoriented and actually can't find their way
34:22of a long endurance race and are completely disoriented and actually can't find their way
34:26to the finish line. It might sound like kind of a silly, kind of crazy
34:26to the finish line. It might sound like kind of a silly, kind of crazy
34:26to the finish line. It might sound like kind of a silly, kind of crazy
34:26to the finish line. It might sound like kind of a silly, kind of crazy
34:26to the finish line. It might sound like kind of a silly, kind of crazy
34:29example, but there are examples of people having severe mental issues and physical issues post
34:29example, but there are examples of people having severe mental issues and physical issues post
34:29example, but there are examples of people having severe mental issues and physical issues post
34:29example, but there are examples of people having severe mental issues and physical issues post
34:29example, but there are examples of people having severe mental issues and physical issues post
34:36-exercise when that exercise involved a ton of sweating or hot environments or insufficient ingestion
34:36-exercise when that exercise involved a ton of sweating or hot environments or insufficient ingestion
34:36-exercise when that exercise involved a ton of sweating or hot environments or insufficient ingestion
34:36-exercise when that exercise involved a ton of sweating or hot environments or insufficient ingestion
34:36-exercise when that exercise involved a ton of sweating or hot environments or insufficient ingestion
34:42of fluids and electrolytes because included in that electrolyte formula, of course, is sodium.
34:42of fluids and electrolytes because included in that electrolyte formula, of course, is sodium.
34:42of fluids and electrolytes because included in that electrolyte formula, of course, is sodium.
34:42of fluids and electrolytes because included in that electrolyte formula, of course, is sodium.
34:42of fluids and electrolytes because included in that electrolyte formula, of course, is sodium.
34:47And as you just learned, sodium is absolutely crucial for neurons to function.
34:47And as you just learned, sodium is absolutely crucial for neurons to function.
34:47And as you just learned, sodium is absolutely crucial for neurons to function.
34:47And as you just learned, sodium is absolutely crucial for neurons to function.
34:47And as you just learned, sodium is absolutely crucial for neurons to function.
34:51So to briefly recap some of what I've talked about today, we talked about how
34:51So to briefly recap some of what I've talked about today, we talked about how
34:51So to briefly recap some of what I've talked about today, we talked about how
34:51So to briefly recap some of what I've talked about today, we talked about how
34:51So to briefly recap some of what I've talked about today, we talked about how
34:56the brain monitors the amount of salt in your brain and body and how that
34:56the brain monitors the amount of salt in your brain and body and how that
34:56the brain monitors the amount of salt in your brain and body and how that
34:56the brain monitors the amount of salt in your brain and body and how that
34:56the brain monitors the amount of salt in your brain and body and how that
35:00relates to thirst and the drive to consume more fluid and or salty fluids.
35:00relates to thirst and the drive to consume more fluid and or salty fluids.
35:00relates to thirst and the drive to consume more fluid and or salty fluids.
35:00relates to thirst and the drive to consume more fluid and or salty fluids.
35:00relates to thirst and the drive to consume more fluid and or salty fluids.
35:06We also talked a little bit about the hormones that come from the brain and
35:06We also talked a little bit about the hormones that come from the brain and
35:06We also talked a little bit about the hormones that come from the brain and
35:06We also talked a little bit about the hormones that come from the brain and
35:06We also talked a little bit about the hormones that come from the brain and
35:09operate at the level of the kidney in order to either retain or allow water
35:09operate at the level of the kidney in order to either retain or allow water
35:09operate at the level of the kidney in order to either retain or allow water
35:09operate at the level of the kidney in order to either retain or allow water
35:09operate at the level of the kidney in order to either retain or allow water
35:15to leave your system. We talked a little bit about the function of the kidney
35:15to leave your system. We talked a little bit about the function of the kidney
35:15to leave your system. We talked a little bit about the function of the kidney
35:15to leave your system. We talked a little bit about the function of the kidney
35:15to leave your system. We talked a little bit about the function of the kidney
35:19itself, a beautiful organ. We talked about the relationship between salt intake and various health
35:19itself, a beautiful organ. We talked about the relationship between salt intake and various health
35:19itself, a beautiful organ. We talked about the relationship between salt intake and various health
35:19itself, a beautiful organ. We talked about the relationship between salt intake and various health
35:19itself, a beautiful organ. We talked about the relationship between salt intake and various health
35:26parameters and how a particular range of salt intake might be optimal depending on the
35:26parameters and how a particular range of salt intake might be optimal depending on the
35:26parameters and how a particular range of salt intake might be optimal depending on the
35:26parameters and how a particular range of salt intake might be optimal depending on the
35:26parameters and how a particular range of salt intake might be optimal depending on the
35:34context in which that range is being consumed, meaning depending on whether or not you're
35:34context in which that range is being consumed, meaning depending on whether or not you're
35:34context in which that range is being consumed, meaning depending on whether or not you're
35:34context in which that range is being consumed, meaning depending on whether or not you're
35:34context in which that range is being consumed, meaning depending on whether or not you're
35:39hypertensive, pre -hypertensive or normal tension.
35:39hypertensive, pre -hypertensive or normal tension.
35:39hypertensive, pre -hypertensive or normal tension.
35:39hypertensive, pre -hypertensive or normal tension.
35:39hypertensive, pre -hypertensive or normal tension.
35:42We talked about fluid intake and electrolyte intake.
35:42We talked about fluid intake and electrolyte intake.
35:42We talked about fluid intake and electrolyte intake.
35:42We talked about fluid intake and electrolyte intake.
35:42We talked about fluid intake and electrolyte intake.
35:44So sodium, potassium and magnesium in the context of athletic or sports performance, but also
35:44So sodium, potassium and magnesium in the context of athletic or sports performance, but also
35:44So sodium, potassium and magnesium in the context of athletic or sports performance, but also
35:44So sodium, potassium and magnesium in the context of athletic or sports performance, but also
35:44So sodium, potassium and magnesium in the context of athletic or sports performance, but also
35:50in terms of maintaining cognitive function.
35:50in terms of maintaining cognitive function.
35:50in terms of maintaining cognitive function.
35:50in terms of maintaining cognitive function.
35:50in terms of maintaining cognitive function.
35:52Talked about the Galpin equation, which you could easily adapt to your body weight and
35:52Talked about the Galpin equation, which you could easily adapt to your body weight and
35:52Talked about the Galpin equation, which you could easily adapt to your body weight and
35:52Talked about the Galpin equation, which you could easily adapt to your body weight and
35:52Talked about the Galpin equation, which you could easily adapt to your body weight and
35:56to your circumstances. Of course, adjusting the amount of fluid and electrolyte intake upwards if
35:56to your circumstances. Of course, adjusting the amount of fluid and electrolyte intake upwards if
35:56to your circumstances. Of course, adjusting the amount of fluid and electrolyte intake upwards if
35:56to your circumstances. Of course, adjusting the amount of fluid and electrolyte intake upwards if
35:56to your circumstances. Of course, adjusting the amount of fluid and electrolyte intake upwards if
36:04you're exercising or working in very hot environments.
36:04you're exercising or working in very hot environments.
36:04you're exercising or working in very hot environments.
36:04you're exercising or working in very hot environments.
36:04you're exercising or working in very hot environments.
36:07Downwards maybe if you're in less hot environments where you're sweating less and so on.
36:07Downwards maybe if you're in less hot environments where you're sweating less and so on.
36:07Downwards maybe if you're in less hot environments where you're sweating less and so on.
36:07Downwards maybe if you're in less hot environments where you're sweating less and so on.
36:07Downwards maybe if you're in less hot environments where you're sweating less and so on.
36:12We also talked about the relationship between the stress system and the salt craving system
36:12We also talked about the relationship between the stress system and the salt craving system
36:12We also talked about the relationship between the stress system and the salt craving system
36:12We also talked about the relationship between the stress system and the salt craving system
36:12We also talked about the relationship between the stress system and the salt craving system
36:16and why those two systems interact and why for some people who may suffer a
36:16and why those two systems interact and why for some people who may suffer a
36:16and why those two systems interact and why for some people who may suffer a
36:16and why those two systems interact and why for some people who may suffer a
36:16and why those two systems interact and why for some people who may suffer a
36:23bit from anxiety or under conditions of stress, increasing salt intake, provided it's done through
36:23bit from anxiety or under conditions of stress, increasing salt intake, provided it's done through
36:23bit from anxiety or under conditions of stress, increasing salt intake, provided it's done through
36:23bit from anxiety or under conditions of stress, increasing salt intake, provided it's done through
36:23bit from anxiety or under conditions of stress, increasing salt intake, provided it's done through
36:29healthy means, might actually be beneficial.
36:29healthy means, might actually be beneficial.
36:29healthy means, might actually be beneficial.
36:29healthy means, might actually be beneficial.
36:29healthy means, might actually be beneficial.
36:32We also talked about conditions in which increasing salt intake might be beneficial for offsetting
36:32We also talked about conditions in which increasing salt intake might be beneficial for offsetting
36:32We also talked about conditions in which increasing salt intake might be beneficial for offsetting
36:32We also talked about conditions in which increasing salt intake might be beneficial for offsetting
36:32We also talked about conditions in which increasing salt intake might be beneficial for offsetting
36:37low blood pressure and some of these postural syndromes that can lead people to dizziness
36:37low blood pressure and some of these postural syndromes that can lead people to dizziness
36:37low blood pressure and some of these postural syndromes that can lead people to dizziness
36:37low blood pressure and some of these postural syndromes that can lead people to dizziness
36:37low blood pressure and some of these postural syndromes that can lead people to dizziness
36:42and so forth. These are things that have to be explored on an individual basis
36:42and so forth. These are things that have to be explored on an individual basis
36:42and so forth. These are things that have to be explored on an individual basis
36:42and so forth. These are things that have to be explored on an individual basis
36:42and so forth. These are things that have to be explored on an individual basis
36:46and of course, have to be explored with the support of your doctor.
36:46and of course, have to be explored with the support of your doctor.
36:46and of course, have to be explored with the support of your doctor.
36:46and of course, have to be explored with the support of your doctor.
36:46and of course, have to be explored with the support of your doctor.
36:49We also talked about the perception of salt, meaning the perception of salty tastes and
36:49We also talked about the perception of salt, meaning the perception of salty tastes and
36:49We also talked about the perception of salt, meaning the perception of salty tastes and
36:49We also talked about the perception of salt, meaning the perception of salty tastes and
36:49We also talked about the perception of salt, meaning the perception of salty tastes and
36:54how the perception of salty tastes and the perception of other tastes like sweet can
36:54how the perception of salty tastes and the perception of other tastes like sweet can
36:54how the perception of salty tastes and the perception of other tastes like sweet can
36:54how the perception of salty tastes and the perception of other tastes like sweet can
36:54how the perception of salty tastes and the perception of other tastes like sweet can
36:58interact with one another to drive things like increased sugar intake when you're not even
36:58interact with one another to drive things like increased sugar intake when you're not even
36:58interact with one another to drive things like increased sugar intake when you're not even
36:58interact with one another to drive things like increased sugar intake when you're not even
36:58interact with one another to drive things like increased sugar intake when you're not even
37:03aware of it. and indeed how the combination of...
37:03aware of it. and indeed how the combination of...
37:03aware of it. and indeed how the combination of...
37:03aware of it. and indeed how the combination of...
37:03aware of it. and indeed how the combination of...
37:06Salty and sweet taste can bias you towards craving more, for instance, processed foods and
37:06Salty and sweet taste can bias you towards craving more, for instance, processed foods and
37:06Salty and sweet taste can bias you towards craving more, for instance, processed foods and
37:06Salty and sweet taste can bias you towards craving more, for instance, processed foods and
37:06Salty and sweet taste can bias you towards craving more, for instance, processed foods and
37:12why that might be a good thing to avoid.
37:12why that might be a good thing to avoid.
37:12why that might be a good thing to avoid.
37:12why that might be a good thing to avoid.
37:12why that might be a good thing to avoid.
37:14And of course, we talked about salt and its critical role in the action potential,
37:14And of course, we talked about salt and its critical role in the action potential,
37:14And of course, we talked about salt and its critical role in the action potential,
37:14And of course, we talked about salt and its critical role in the action potential,
37:14And of course, we talked about salt and its critical role in the action potential,
37:19the fundamental way in which the nervous system functions at all.
37:19the fundamental way in which the nervous system functions at all.
37:19the fundamental way in which the nervous system functions at all.
37:19the fundamental way in which the nervous system functions at all.
37:19the fundamental way in which the nervous system functions at all.
37:21So my hope for you in listening to this episode is that you consider a
37:21So my hope for you in listening to this episode is that you consider a
37:21So my hope for you in listening to this episode is that you consider a
37:21So my hope for you in listening to this episode is that you consider a
37:21So my hope for you in listening to this episode is that you consider a
37:26question. And that question is, what salt intake is best for you?
37:26question. And that question is, what salt intake is best for you?
37:26question. And that question is, what salt intake is best for you?
37:26question. And that question is, what salt intake is best for you?
37:26question. And that question is, what salt intake is best for you?
37:30And that you place that question in the context of your fluid intake.
37:30And that you place that question in the context of your fluid intake.
37:30And that you place that question in the context of your fluid intake.
37:30And that you place that question in the context of your fluid intake.
37:30And that you place that question in the context of your fluid intake.
37:34And crucially, that you place that in the context of the electrolytes more generally, meaning
37:34And crucially, that you place that in the context of the electrolytes more generally, meaning
37:34And crucially, that you place that in the context of the electrolytes more generally, meaning
37:34And crucially, that you place that in the context of the electrolytes more generally, meaning
37:34And crucially, that you place that in the context of the electrolytes more generally, meaning
37:41sodium, potassium, and magnesium. And I hope I've been able to illuminate some of the
37:41sodium, potassium, and magnesium. And I hope I've been able to illuminate some of the
37:41sodium, potassium, and magnesium. And I hope I've been able to illuminate some of the
37:41sodium, potassium, and magnesium. And I hope I've been able to illuminate some of the
37:41sodium, potassium, and magnesium. And I hope I've been able to illuminate some of the
37:46beautiful ways in which the brain and the bodily organs interact in order to help
37:46beautiful ways in which the brain and the bodily organs interact in order to help
37:46beautiful ways in which the brain and the bodily organs interact in order to help
37:46beautiful ways in which the brain and the bodily organs interact in order to help
37:46beautiful ways in which the brain and the bodily organs interact in order to help
37:50us regulate this thing that we call sodium balance.
37:50us regulate this thing that we call sodium balance.
37:50us regulate this thing that we call sodium balance.
37:50us regulate this thing that we call sodium balance.
37:50us regulate this thing that we call sodium balance.
37:52And the fact that we have neurons in our brain that are both tuned to
37:52And the fact that we have neurons in our brain that are both tuned to
37:52And the fact that we have neurons in our brain that are both tuned to
37:52And the fact that we have neurons in our brain that are both tuned to
37:52And the fact that we have neurons in our brain that are both tuned to
37:56the levels of salt in our body and positioned in a location in the brain
37:56the levels of salt in our body and positioned in a location in the brain
37:56the levels of salt in our body and positioned in a location in the brain
37:56the levels of salt in our body and positioned in a location in the brain
37:56the levels of salt in our body and positioned in a location in the brain
38:01that allows them to detect the levels of salt in our body and to drive
38:01that allows them to detect the levels of salt in our body and to drive
38:01that allows them to detect the levels of salt in our body and to drive
38:01that allows them to detect the levels of salt in our body and to drive
38:01that allows them to detect the levels of salt in our body and to drive
38:05the intake of more or less salt and more or less fluid and other electrolytes
38:05the intake of more or less salt and more or less fluid and other electrolytes
38:05the intake of more or less salt and more or less fluid and other electrolytes
38:05the intake of more or less salt and more or less fluid and other electrolytes
38:05the intake of more or less salt and more or less fluid and other electrolytes
38:10really just points to the beauty of the system that we've all evolved that allows
38:10really just points to the beauty of the system that we've all evolved that allows
38:10really just points to the beauty of the system that we've all evolved that allows
38:10really just points to the beauty of the system that we've all evolved that allows
38:10really just points to the beauty of the system that we've all evolved that allows
38:14us to interact with our environment and make adjustments according to the context of our
38:14us to interact with our environment and make adjustments according to the context of our
38:14us to interact with our environment and make adjustments according to the context of our
38:14us to interact with our environment and make adjustments according to the context of our
38:14us to interact with our environment and make adjustments according to the context of our
38:19daily and ongoing life. And last, but certainly not least, thank you for your interest
38:19daily and ongoing life. And last, but certainly not least, thank you for your interest
38:19daily and ongoing life. And last, but certainly not least, thank you for your interest
38:19daily and ongoing life. And last, but certainly not least, thank you for your interest
38:19daily and ongoing life. And last, but certainly not least, thank you for your interest
38:23in science.
38:23in science.
38:23in science.
38:23in science.
38:23in science.