Essentials: The Neuroscience of Speech, Language & Music | Dr. Erich Jarvis
4/23/202640 mintranscribing
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:00Welcome to Huberman Lab Essentials, where we revisit past episodes for the most potent and
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:05actionable science -based tools for mental health, physical health, and performance.
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:11I'm Andrew Huberman, and I'm a professor of neurobiology and ophthalmology at Stanford School of
0:16Medicine. And now for my discussion with Dr.
0:16Medicine. And now for my discussion with Dr.
0:16Medicine. And now for my discussion with Dr.
0:16Medicine. And now for my discussion with Dr.
0:16Medicine. And now for my discussion with Dr.
0:16Medicine. And now for my discussion with Dr.
0:19Eric Jarvis. Eric, so great to have you here.
0:19Eric Jarvis. Eric, so great to have you here.
0:19Eric Jarvis. Eric, so great to have you here.
0:19Eric Jarvis. Eric, so great to have you here.
0:19Eric Jarvis. Eric, so great to have you here.
0:19Eric Jarvis. Eric, so great to have you here.
0:22Thank you. Very interested in learning from you about speech and language.
0:22Thank you. Very interested in learning from you about speech and language.
0:22Thank you. Very interested in learning from you about speech and language.
0:22Thank you. Very interested in learning from you about speech and language.
0:22Thank you. Very interested in learning from you about speech and language.
0:22Thank you. Very interested in learning from you about speech and language.
0:27In terms of the study of speech and language and thinking about how the brain
0:27In terms of the study of speech and language and thinking about how the brain
0:27In terms of the study of speech and language and thinking about how the brain
0:27In terms of the study of speech and language and thinking about how the brain
0:27In terms of the study of speech and language and thinking about how the brain
0:27In terms of the study of speech and language and thinking about how the brain
0:31organizes speech and language, what are the similarities?
0:31organizes speech and language, what are the similarities?
0:31organizes speech and language, what are the similarities?
0:31organizes speech and language, what are the similarities?
0:31organizes speech and language, what are the similarities?
0:31organizes speech and language, what are the similarities?
0:36What are the differences? How should we think about speech and language?
0:36What are the differences? How should we think about speech and language?
0:36What are the differences? How should we think about speech and language?
0:36What are the differences? How should we think about speech and language?
0:36What are the differences? How should we think about speech and language?
0:36What are the differences? How should we think about speech and language?
0:38There really isn't such a sharp distinction.
0:38There really isn't such a sharp distinction.
0:38There really isn't such a sharp distinction.
0:38There really isn't such a sharp distinction.
0:38There really isn't such a sharp distinction.
0:38There really isn't such a sharp distinction.
0:41And let me tell you how some people think of it now, that there's a
0:41And let me tell you how some people think of it now, that there's a
0:41And let me tell you how some people think of it now, that there's a
0:41And let me tell you how some people think of it now, that there's a
0:41And let me tell you how some people think of it now, that there's a
0:41And let me tell you how some people think of it now, that there's a
0:46separate language module in the brain that has all the algorithms and computations that influence
0:46separate language module in the brain that has all the algorithms and computations that influence
0:46separate language module in the brain that has all the algorithms and computations that influence
0:46separate language module in the brain that has all the algorithms and computations that influence
0:46separate language module in the brain that has all the algorithms and computations that influence
0:46separate language module in the brain that has all the algorithms and computations that influence
0:51the speech pathway on how to produce sound and the auditory pathway on how to
0:51the speech pathway on how to produce sound and the auditory pathway on how to
0:51the speech pathway on how to produce sound and the auditory pathway on how to
0:51the speech pathway on how to produce sound and the auditory pathway on how to
0:51the speech pathway on how to produce sound and the auditory pathway on how to
0:51the speech pathway on how to produce sound and the auditory pathway on how to
0:57perceive and interpret it for speech or for, you know, sound that we call speech.
0:57perceive and interpret it for speech or for, you know, sound that we call speech.
0:57perceive and interpret it for speech or for, you know, sound that we call speech.
0:57perceive and interpret it for speech or for, you know, sound that we call speech.
0:57perceive and interpret it for speech or for, you know, sound that we call speech.
0:57perceive and interpret it for speech or for, you know, sound that we call speech.
1:03I don't think there is any good evidence for a separate language module.
1:03I don't think there is any good evidence for a separate language module.
1:03I don't think there is any good evidence for a separate language module.
1:03I don't think there is any good evidence for a separate language module.
1:03I don't think there is any good evidence for a separate language module.
1:03I don't think there is any good evidence for a separate language module.
1:07Instead, there is a speech production pathway that's controlling our larynx, controlling our jaw muscles,
1:07Instead, there is a speech production pathway that's controlling our larynx, controlling our jaw muscles,
1:07Instead, there is a speech production pathway that's controlling our larynx, controlling our jaw muscles,
1:07Instead, there is a speech production pathway that's controlling our larynx, controlling our jaw muscles,
1:07Instead, there is a speech production pathway that's controlling our larynx, controlling our jaw muscles,
1:07Instead, there is a speech production pathway that's controlling our larynx, controlling our jaw muscles,
1:15that has built within it all the complex algorithms for spoken language.
1:15that has built within it all the complex algorithms for spoken language.
1:15that has built within it all the complex algorithms for spoken language.
1:15that has built within it all the complex algorithms for spoken language.
1:15that has built within it all the complex algorithms for spoken language.
1:15that has built within it all the complex algorithms for spoken language.
1:20And there's the auditory pathway that has built within it all the complex algorithms for
1:20And there's the auditory pathway that has built within it all the complex algorithms for
1:20And there's the auditory pathway that has built within it all the complex algorithms for
1:20And there's the auditory pathway that has built within it all the complex algorithms for
1:20And there's the auditory pathway that has built within it all the complex algorithms for
1:20And there's the auditory pathway that has built within it all the complex algorithms for
1:26understanding speech, not separate from a language module.
1:26understanding speech, not separate from a language module.
1:26understanding speech, not separate from a language module.
1:26understanding speech, not separate from a language module.
1:26understanding speech, not separate from a language module.
1:26understanding speech, not separate from a language module.
1:29And the speech production pathway is specialized to humans and parrots and songbirds, whereas this
1:29And the speech production pathway is specialized to humans and parrots and songbirds, whereas this
1:29And the speech production pathway is specialized to humans and parrots and songbirds, whereas this
1:29And the speech production pathway is specialized to humans and parrots and songbirds, whereas this
1:29And the speech production pathway is specialized to humans and parrots and songbirds, whereas this
1:29And the speech production pathway is specialized to humans and parrots and songbirds, whereas this
1:37auditory perception pathway is more ubiquitous amongst the animal kingdom.
1:37auditory perception pathway is more ubiquitous amongst the animal kingdom.
1:37auditory perception pathway is more ubiquitous amongst the animal kingdom.
1:37auditory perception pathway is more ubiquitous amongst the animal kingdom.
1:37auditory perception pathway is more ubiquitous amongst the animal kingdom.
1:37auditory perception pathway is more ubiquitous amongst the animal kingdom.
1:42And this is why dogs can understand sit, siéntese, come here, boy, get the ball,
1:42And this is why dogs can understand sit, siéntese, come here, boy, get the ball,
1:42And this is why dogs can understand sit, siéntese, come here, boy, get the ball,
1:42And this is why dogs can understand sit, siéntese, come here, boy, get the ball,
1:42And this is why dogs can understand sit, siéntese, come here, boy, get the ball,
1:42And this is why dogs can understand sit, siéntese, come here, boy, get the ball,
1:48and so forth. Dogs can understand several hundred human speech words.
1:48and so forth. Dogs can understand several hundred human speech words.
1:48and so forth. Dogs can understand several hundred human speech words.
1:48and so forth. Dogs can understand several hundred human speech words.
1:48and so forth. Dogs can understand several hundred human speech words.
1:48and so forth. Dogs can understand several hundred human speech words.
1:53Great apes, you can teach them for several thousand, but they can't say a word.
1:53Great apes, you can teach them for several thousand, but they can't say a word.
1:53Great apes, you can teach them for several thousand, but they can't say a word.
1:53Great apes, you can teach them for several thousand, but they can't say a word.
1:53Great apes, you can teach them for several thousand, but they can't say a word.
1:53Great apes, you can teach them for several thousand, but they can't say a word.
1:57What do we understand about modes of communication that are like language, but might not
1:57What do we understand about modes of communication that are like language, but might not
1:57What do we understand about modes of communication that are like language, but might not
1:57What do we understand about modes of communication that are like language, but might not
1:57What do we understand about modes of communication that are like language, but might not
1:57What do we understand about modes of communication that are like language, but might not
2:04be what would classically be called language?
2:04be what would classically be called language?
2:04be what would classically be called language?
2:04be what would classically be called language?
2:04be what would classically be called language?
2:04be what would classically be called language?
2:07Yes, right. So next to the brain regions that are controlled, controlling spoken language are
2:07Yes, right. So next to the brain regions that are controlled, controlling spoken language are
2:07Yes, right. So next to the brain regions that are controlled, controlling spoken language are
2:07Yes, right. So next to the brain regions that are controlled, controlling spoken language are
2:07Yes, right. So next to the brain regions that are controlled, controlling spoken language are
2:07Yes, right. So next to the brain regions that are controlled, controlling spoken language are
2:11the brain regions for gesturing with the hands.
2:11the brain regions for gesturing with the hands.
2:11the brain regions for gesturing with the hands.
2:11the brain regions for gesturing with the hands.
2:11the brain regions for gesturing with the hands.
2:11the brain regions for gesturing with the hands.
2:14And that hand parallel pathway has also complex algorithms that we can utilize.
2:14And that hand parallel pathway has also complex algorithms that we can utilize.
2:14And that hand parallel pathway has also complex algorithms that we can utilize.
2:14And that hand parallel pathway has also complex algorithms that we can utilize.
2:14And that hand parallel pathway has also complex algorithms that we can utilize.
2:14And that hand parallel pathway has also complex algorithms that we can utilize.
2:20And some species are more advanced in these circuits, whether it's sound or gesturing with
2:20And some species are more advanced in these circuits, whether it's sound or gesturing with
2:20And some species are more advanced in these circuits, whether it's sound or gesturing with
2:20And some species are more advanced in these circuits, whether it's sound or gesturing with
2:20And some species are more advanced in these circuits, whether it's sound or gesturing with
2:20And some species are more advanced in these circuits, whether it's sound or gesturing with
2:25hands, and some are less advanced.
2:25hands, and some are less advanced.
2:25hands, and some are less advanced.
2:25hands, and some are less advanced.
2:25hands, and some are less advanced.
2:25hands, and some are less advanced.
2:27Humans are the most advanced at spoken language, but not necessarily as big a difference
2:27Humans are the most advanced at spoken language, but not necessarily as big a difference
2:27Humans are the most advanced at spoken language, but not necessarily as big a difference
2:27Humans are the most advanced at spoken language, but not necessarily as big a difference
2:27Humans are the most advanced at spoken language, but not necessarily as big a difference
2:27Humans are the most advanced at spoken language, but not necessarily as big a difference
2:34at gestural language compared to some other species.
2:34at gestural language compared to some other species.
2:34at gestural language compared to some other species.
2:34at gestural language compared to some other species.
2:34at gestural language compared to some other species.
2:34at gestural language compared to some other species.
2:37So as you and I are talking here today, and people who are listening but
2:37So as you and I are talking here today, and people who are listening but
2:37So as you and I are talking here today, and people who are listening but
2:37So as you and I are talking here today, and people who are listening but
2:37So as you and I are talking here today, and people who are listening but
2:37So as you and I are talking here today, and people who are listening but
2:41can't see us, we're actually gesturing with our hands as we talk without knowing it
2:41can't see us, we're actually gesturing with our hands as we talk without knowing it
2:41can't see us, we're actually gesturing with our hands as we talk without knowing it
2:41can't see us, we're actually gesturing with our hands as we talk without knowing it
2:41can't see us, we're actually gesturing with our hands as we talk without knowing it
2:41can't see us, we're actually gesturing with our hands as we talk without knowing it
2:48or doing it unconsciously. And if we were talking on a telephone, I would have
2:48or doing it unconsciously. And if we were talking on a telephone, I would have
2:48or doing it unconsciously. And if we were talking on a telephone, I would have
2:48or doing it unconsciously. And if we were talking on a telephone, I would have
2:48or doing it unconsciously. And if we were talking on a telephone, I would have
2:48or doing it unconsciously. And if we were talking on a telephone, I would have
2:53one hand here and I'd be gesturing with the other hand without even you seeing
2:53one hand here and I'd be gesturing with the other hand without even you seeing
2:53one hand here and I'd be gesturing with the other hand without even you seeing
2:53one hand here and I'd be gesturing with the other hand without even you seeing
2:53one hand here and I'd be gesturing with the other hand without even you seeing
2:53one hand here and I'd be gesturing with the other hand without even you seeing
2:57me, right? And so why is that?
2:57me, right? And so why is that?
2:57me, right? And so why is that?
2:57me, right? And so why is that?
2:57me, right? And so why is that?
2:57me, right? And so why is that?
2:59Some have argued, and I would agree, based upon what we've seen, is that there
2:59Some have argued, and I would agree, based upon what we've seen, is that there
2:59Some have argued, and I would agree, based upon what we've seen, is that there
2:59Some have argued, and I would agree, based upon what we've seen, is that there
2:59Some have argued, and I would agree, based upon what we've seen, is that there
2:59Some have argued, and I would agree, based upon what we've seen, is that there
3:03is an evolutionary relationship between the brain pathways that control speech production and gesturing.
3:03is an evolutionary relationship between the brain pathways that control speech production and gesturing.
3:03is an evolutionary relationship between the brain pathways that control speech production and gesturing.
3:03is an evolutionary relationship between the brain pathways that control speech production and gesturing.
3:03is an evolutionary relationship between the brain pathways that control speech production and gesturing.
3:03is an evolutionary relationship between the brain pathways that control speech production and gesturing.
3:11And the brain regions I mentioned are directly adjacent to each other.
3:11And the brain regions I mentioned are directly adjacent to each other.
3:11And the brain regions I mentioned are directly adjacent to each other.
3:11And the brain regions I mentioned are directly adjacent to each other.
3:11And the brain regions I mentioned are directly adjacent to each other.
3:11And the brain regions I mentioned are directly adjacent to each other.
3:14And why is that? I think that the brain pathways that control speech evolved out
3:14And why is that? I think that the brain pathways that control speech evolved out
3:14And why is that? I think that the brain pathways that control speech evolved out
3:14And why is that? I think that the brain pathways that control speech evolved out
3:14And why is that? I think that the brain pathways that control speech evolved out
3:14And why is that? I think that the brain pathways that control speech evolved out
3:19of the brain pathways that control body movement.
3:19of the brain pathways that control body movement.
3:19of the brain pathways that control body movement.
3:19of the brain pathways that control body movement.
3:19of the brain pathways that control body movement.
3:19of the brain pathways that control body movement.
3:24And that when you talk about Italian, French, English, and so forth, each one of
3:24And that when you talk about Italian, French, English, and so forth, each one of
3:24And that when you talk about Italian, French, English, and so forth, each one of
3:24And that when you talk about Italian, French, English, and so forth, each one of
3:24And that when you talk about Italian, French, English, and so forth, each one of
3:24And that when you talk about Italian, French, English, and so forth, each one of
3:32those languages come with a learned set of gestures that you can communicate with.
3:32those languages come with a learned set of gestures that you can communicate with.
3:32those languages come with a learned set of gestures that you can communicate with.
3:32those languages come with a learned set of gestures that you can communicate with.
3:32those languages come with a learned set of gestures that you can communicate with.
3:32those languages come with a learned set of gestures that you can communicate with.
3:38Now, how is that related to other animals?
3:38Now, how is that related to other animals?
3:38Now, how is that related to other animals?
3:38Now, how is that related to other animals?
3:38Now, how is that related to other animals?
3:38Now, how is that related to other animals?
3:40Well, Coco, a gorilla who was raised with humans for 39 years or more, learned
3:40Well, Coco, a gorilla who was raised with humans for 39 years or more, learned
3:40Well, Coco, a gorilla who was raised with humans for 39 years or more, learned
3:40Well, Coco, a gorilla who was raised with humans for 39 years or more, learned
3:40Well, Coco, a gorilla who was raised with humans for 39 years or more, learned
3:40Well, Coco, a gorilla who was raised with humans for 39 years or more, learned
3:46how to do gesture communication, learn how to sign language, so to speak, right?
3:46how to do gesture communication, learn how to sign language, so to speak, right?
3:46how to do gesture communication, learn how to sign language, so to speak, right?
3:46how to do gesture communication, learn how to sign language, so to speak, right?
3:46how to do gesture communication, learn how to sign language, so to speak, right?
3:46how to do gesture communication, learn how to sign language, so to speak, right?
3:52But Coco couldn't produce those sounds.
3:52But Coco couldn't produce those sounds.
3:52But Coco couldn't produce those sounds.
3:52But Coco couldn't produce those sounds.
3:52But Coco couldn't produce those sounds.
3:52But Coco couldn't produce those sounds.
3:54Coco could understand them as well by seeing somebody sign or hearing somebody produce speech.
3:54Coco could understand them as well by seeing somebody sign or hearing somebody produce speech.
3:54Coco could understand them as well by seeing somebody sign or hearing somebody produce speech.
3:54Coco could understand them as well by seeing somebody sign or hearing somebody produce speech.
3:54Coco could understand them as well by seeing somebody sign or hearing somebody produce speech.
3:54Coco could understand them as well by seeing somebody sign or hearing somebody produce speech.
4:03But Coco couldn't produce it with her voice.
4:03But Coco couldn't produce it with her voice.
4:03But Coco couldn't produce it with her voice.
4:03But Coco couldn't produce it with her voice.
4:03But Coco couldn't produce it with her voice.
4:03But Coco couldn't produce it with her voice.
4:06And so what's going on there is that a number of species, not all of
4:06And so what's going on there is that a number of species, not all of
4:06And so what's going on there is that a number of species, not all of
4:06And so what's going on there is that a number of species, not all of
4:06And so what's going on there is that a number of species, not all of
4:06And so what's going on there is that a number of species, not all of
4:11them, a number of species have motor pathways in the brain where you can do,
4:11them, a number of species have motor pathways in the brain where you can do,
4:11them, a number of species have motor pathways in the brain where you can do,
4:11them, a number of species have motor pathways in the brain where you can do,
4:11them, a number of species have motor pathways in the brain where you can do,
4:11them, a number of species have motor pathways in the brain where you can do,
4:15learn gesturing, rudimentary language if you want it, say, with your limbs, even if it's
4:15learn gesturing, rudimentary language if you want it, say, with your limbs, even if it's
4:15learn gesturing, rudimentary language if you want it, say, with your limbs, even if it's
4:15learn gesturing, rudimentary language if you want it, say, with your limbs, even if it's
4:15learn gesturing, rudimentary language if you want it, say, with your limbs, even if it's
4:15learn gesturing, rudimentary language if you want it, say, with your limbs, even if it's
4:20not as a... as humans, but they don't have this extra brain pathway for the
4:20not as a... as humans, but they don't have this extra brain pathway for the
4:20not as a... as humans, but they don't have this extra brain pathway for the
4:20not as a... as humans, but they don't have this extra brain pathway for the
4:20not as a... as humans, but they don't have this extra brain pathway for the
4:20not as a... as humans, but they don't have this extra brain pathway for the
4:24sound. So they can't gesture with their voice in the way that they gesture with
4:24sound. So they can't gesture with their voice in the way that they gesture with
4:24sound. So they can't gesture with their voice in the way that they gesture with
4:24sound. So they can't gesture with their voice in the way that they gesture with
4:24sound. So they can't gesture with their voice in the way that they gesture with
4:24sound. So they can't gesture with their voice in the way that they gesture with
4:29their hands. I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, Function.
4:29their hands. I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, Function.
4:29their hands. I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, Function.
4:29their hands. I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, Function.
4:29their hands. I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, Function.
4:29their hands. I'd like to take a quick break and acknowledge our sponsor, Function.
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5:06blood lipids were slightly out of range.
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5:13LDL cholesterol, and it did.
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5:15In a follow -up test, I could confirm that this strategy worked.
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5:15In a follow -up test, I could confirm that this strategy worked.
5:15In a follow -up test, I could confirm that this strategy worked.
5:15In a follow -up test, I could confirm that this strategy worked.
5:18My blood lipids are now back where I want them, in range.
5:18My blood lipids are now back where I want them, in range.
5:18My blood lipids are now back where I want them, in range.
5:18My blood lipids are now back where I want them, in range.
5:18My blood lipids are now back where I want them, in range.
5:18My blood lipids are now back where I want them, in range.
5:22Comprehensive lab testing of the sort that Function offers is so important for health.
5:22Comprehensive lab testing of the sort that Function offers is so important for health.
5:22Comprehensive lab testing of the sort that Function offers is so important for health.
5:22Comprehensive lab testing of the sort that Function offers is so important for health.
5:22Comprehensive lab testing of the sort that Function offers is so important for health.
5:22Comprehensive lab testing of the sort that Function offers is so important for health.
5:26And while I've been doing it for years, it's always been overly complicated and expensive.
5:26And while I've been doing it for years, it's always been overly complicated and expensive.
5:26And while I've been doing it for years, it's always been overly complicated and expensive.
5:26And while I've been doing it for years, it's always been overly complicated and expensive.
5:26And while I've been doing it for years, it's always been overly complicated and expensive.
5:26And while I've been doing it for years, it's always been overly complicated and expensive.
5:30But now, with Function, it's extremely easy and affordable.
5:30But now, with Function, it's extremely easy and affordable.
5:30But now, with Function, it's extremely easy and affordable.
5:30But now, with Function, it's extremely easy and affordable.
5:30But now, with Function, it's extremely easy and affordable.
5:30But now, with Function, it's extremely easy and affordable.
5:34To learn more, visit functionhealth .com slash Huberman and use the code Huberman for a
5:34To learn more, visit functionhealth .com slash Huberman and use the code Huberman for a
5:34To learn more, visit functionhealth .com slash Huberman and use the code Huberman for a
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5:39$50 credit towards your membership.
5:39$50 credit towards your membership.
5:39$50 credit towards your membership.
5:39$50 credit towards your membership.
5:39$50 credit towards your membership.
5:39$50 credit towards your membership.
5:41One thing that I've wondered about for a very long time is whether or not
5:41One thing that I've wondered about for a very long time is whether or not
5:41One thing that I've wondered about for a very long time is whether or not
5:41One thing that I've wondered about for a very long time is whether or not
5:41One thing that I've wondered about for a very long time is whether or not
5:41One thing that I've wondered about for a very long time is whether or not
5:45primitive emotions and primitive sounds are the early substrate of language.
5:45primitive emotions and primitive sounds are the early substrate of language.
5:45primitive emotions and primitive sounds are the early substrate of language.
5:45primitive emotions and primitive sounds are the early substrate of language.
5:45primitive emotions and primitive sounds are the early substrate of language.
5:45primitive emotions and primitive sounds are the early substrate of language.
5:53When I smell something delicious, I typically inhale more, and I might say, or something
5:53When I smell something delicious, I typically inhale more, and I might say, or something
5:53When I smell something delicious, I typically inhale more, and I might say, or something
5:53When I smell something delicious, I typically inhale more, and I might say, or something
5:53When I smell something delicious, I typically inhale more, and I might say, or something
5:53When I smell something delicious, I typically inhale more, and I might say, or something
6:02like that, whereas if I smell something putrid, I typically turn away, I wince, and
6:02like that, whereas if I smell something putrid, I typically turn away, I wince, and
6:02like that, whereas if I smell something putrid, I typically turn away, I wince, and
6:02like that, whereas if I smell something putrid, I typically turn away, I wince, and
6:02like that, whereas if I smell something putrid, I typically turn away, I wince, and
6:02like that, whereas if I smell something putrid, I typically turn away, I wince, and
6:06I will exhale, trying to not ingest those molecules or inhale those molecules.
6:06I will exhale, trying to not ingest those molecules or inhale those molecules.
6:06I will exhale, trying to not ingest those molecules or inhale those molecules.
6:06I will exhale, trying to not ingest those molecules or inhale those molecules.
6:06I will exhale, trying to not ingest those molecules or inhale those molecules.
6:06I will exhale, trying to not ingest those molecules or inhale those molecules.
6:12I could imagine that these are the basic dark and light contrasts of the language
6:12I could imagine that these are the basic dark and light contrasts of the language
6:12I could imagine that these are the basic dark and light contrasts of the language
6:12I could imagine that these are the basic dark and light contrasts of the language
6:12I could imagine that these are the basic dark and light contrasts of the language
6:12I could imagine that these are the basic dark and light contrasts of the language
6:17system. It's kind of primitive to more sophisticated pyramid of sound to language.
6:17system. It's kind of primitive to more sophisticated pyramid of sound to language.
6:17system. It's kind of primitive to more sophisticated pyramid of sound to language.
6:17system. It's kind of primitive to more sophisticated pyramid of sound to language.
6:17system. It's kind of primitive to more sophisticated pyramid of sound to language.
6:17system. It's kind of primitive to more sophisticated pyramid of sound to language.
6:25Is this a crazy idea?
6:25Is this a crazy idea?
6:25Is this a crazy idea?
6:25Is this a crazy idea?
6:25Is this a crazy idea?
6:25Is this a crazy idea?
6:27Do we have any evidence this is the way it works?
6:27Do we have any evidence this is the way it works?
6:27Do we have any evidence this is the way it works?
6:27Do we have any evidence this is the way it works?
6:27Do we have any evidence this is the way it works?
6:27Do we have any evidence this is the way it works?
6:30No, it's not a crazy idea.
6:30No, it's not a crazy idea.
6:30No, it's not a crazy idea.
6:30No, it's not a crazy idea.
6:30No, it's not a crazy idea.
6:30No, it's not a crazy idea.
6:31And in fact, you hit upon one of the key distinctions in the field of
6:31And in fact, you hit upon one of the key distinctions in the field of
6:31And in fact, you hit upon one of the key distinctions in the field of
6:31And in fact, you hit upon one of the key distinctions in the field of
6:31And in fact, you hit upon one of the key distinctions in the field of
6:31And in fact, you hit upon one of the key distinctions in the field of
6:36research that I started out in, which is vocal learning research.
6:36research that I started out in, which is vocal learning research.
6:36research that I started out in, which is vocal learning research.
6:36research that I started out in, which is vocal learning research.
6:36research that I started out in, which is vocal learning research.
6:36research that I started out in, which is vocal learning research.
6:39Most vertebrate species vocalize, but most of them are producing innate sounds that they're born
6:39Most vertebrate species vocalize, but most of them are producing innate sounds that they're born
6:39Most vertebrate species vocalize, but most of them are producing innate sounds that they're born
6:39Most vertebrate species vocalize, but most of them are producing innate sounds that they're born
6:39Most vertebrate species vocalize, but most of them are producing innate sounds that they're born
6:39Most vertebrate species vocalize, but most of them are producing innate sounds that they're born
6:46with, that is, babies crying, for example, or dogs barking.
6:46with, that is, babies crying, for example, or dogs barking.
6:46with, that is, babies crying, for example, or dogs barking.
6:46with, that is, babies crying, for example, or dogs barking.
6:46with, that is, babies crying, for example, or dogs barking.
6:46with, that is, babies crying, for example, or dogs barking.
6:50And only a few species have learned vocal communication, the ability to imitate sounds.
6:50And only a few species have learned vocal communication, the ability to imitate sounds.
6:50And only a few species have learned vocal communication, the ability to imitate sounds.
6:50And only a few species have learned vocal communication, the ability to imitate sounds.
6:50And only a few species have learned vocal communication, the ability to imitate sounds.
6:50And only a few species have learned vocal communication, the ability to imitate sounds.
6:56And that is what makes spoken language special.
6:56And that is what makes spoken language special.
6:56And that is what makes spoken language special.
6:56And that is what makes spoken language special.
6:56And that is what makes spoken language special.
6:56And that is what makes spoken language special.
6:59When people think of what's special about language, it's the learned vocalizations.
6:59When people think of what's special about language, it's the learned vocalizations.
6:59When people think of what's special about language, it's the learned vocalizations.
6:59When people think of what's special about language, it's the learned vocalizations.
6:59When people think of what's special about language, it's the learned vocalizations.
6:59When people think of what's special about language, it's the learned vocalizations.
7:04That is what's rare. So all the things you talked about, the breathing, the grunting,
7:04That is what's rare. So all the things you talked about, the breathing, the grunting,
7:04That is what's rare. So all the things you talked about, the breathing, the grunting,
7:04That is what's rare. So all the things you talked about, the breathing, the grunting,
7:04That is what's rare. So all the things you talked about, the breathing, the grunting,
7:04That is what's rare. So all the things you talked about, the breathing, the grunting,
7:08and so forth, a lot of that is handled by the brainstem circuits, you know,
7:08and so forth, a lot of that is handled by the brainstem circuits, you know,
7:08and so forth, a lot of that is handled by the brainstem circuits, you know,
7:08and so forth, a lot of that is handled by the brainstem circuits, you know,
7:08and so forth, a lot of that is handled by the brainstem circuits, you know,
7:08and so forth, a lot of that is handled by the brainstem circuits, you know,
7:13right around the level of your neck and below, like a reflex kind of thing.
7:13right around the level of your neck and below, like a reflex kind of thing.
7:13right around the level of your neck and below, like a reflex kind of thing.
7:13right around the level of your neck and below, like a reflex kind of thing.
7:13right around the level of your neck and below, like a reflex kind of thing.
7:13right around the level of your neck and below, like a reflex kind of thing.
7:18So, or even some emotional aspects of your behavior in the hypothalamus and so forth.
7:18So, or even some emotional aspects of your behavior in the hypothalamus and so forth.
7:18So, or even some emotional aspects of your behavior in the hypothalamus and so forth.
7:18So, or even some emotional aspects of your behavior in the hypothalamus and so forth.
7:18So, or even some emotional aspects of your behavior in the hypothalamus and so forth.
7:18So, or even some emotional aspects of your behavior in the hypothalamus and so forth.
7:23But for a learned behavior, learning how to speak, learning how to play the piano,
7:23But for a learned behavior, learning how to speak, learning how to play the piano,
7:23But for a learned behavior, learning how to speak, learning how to play the piano,
7:23But for a learned behavior, learning how to speak, learning how to play the piano,
7:23But for a learned behavior, learning how to speak, learning how to play the piano,
7:23But for a learned behavior, learning how to speak, learning how to play the piano,
7:30teaching a dog to learn how to do tricks is using the forebrain circuits.
7:30teaching a dog to learn how to do tricks is using the forebrain circuits.
7:30teaching a dog to learn how to do tricks is using the forebrain circuits.
7:30teaching a dog to learn how to do tricks is using the forebrain circuits.
7:30teaching a dog to learn how to do tricks is using the forebrain circuits.
7:30teaching a dog to learn how to do tricks is using the forebrain circuits.
7:35And what has happened is that there's a lot of forebrain circuits that are controlling
7:35And what has happened is that there's a lot of forebrain circuits that are controlling
7:35And what has happened is that there's a lot of forebrain circuits that are controlling
7:35And what has happened is that there's a lot of forebrain circuits that are controlling
7:35And what has happened is that there's a lot of forebrain circuits that are controlling
7:35And what has happened is that there's a lot of forebrain circuits that are controlling
7:40learning how to move body parts in these species, but not for the vocalizations.
7:40learning how to move body parts in these species, but not for the vocalizations.
7:40learning how to move body parts in these species, but not for the vocalizations.
7:40learning how to move body parts in these species, but not for the vocalizations.
7:40learning how to move body parts in these species, but not for the vocalizations.
7:40learning how to move body parts in these species, but not for the vocalizations.
7:43But in humans and in parrots and some other species, somehow we acquired circuits where
7:43But in humans and in parrots and some other species, somehow we acquired circuits where
7:43But in humans and in parrots and some other species, somehow we acquired circuits where
7:43But in humans and in parrots and some other species, somehow we acquired circuits where
7:43But in humans and in parrots and some other species, somehow we acquired circuits where
7:43But in humans and in parrots and some other species, somehow we acquired circuits where
7:50the forebrain has taken over the brainstem and now using that brainstem not only to
7:50the forebrain has taken over the brainstem and now using that brainstem not only to
7:50the forebrain has taken over the brainstem and now using that brainstem not only to
7:50the forebrain has taken over the brainstem and now using that brainstem not only to
7:50the forebrain has taken over the brainstem and now using that brainstem not only to
7:50the forebrain has taken over the brainstem and now using that brainstem not only to
7:56produce the innate behaviors or vocal behaviors, but the learned ones as well.
7:56produce the innate behaviors or vocal behaviors, but the learned ones as well.
7:56produce the innate behaviors or vocal behaviors, but the learned ones as well.
7:56produce the innate behaviors or vocal behaviors, but the learned ones as well.
7:56produce the innate behaviors or vocal behaviors, but the learned ones as well.
7:56produce the innate behaviors or vocal behaviors, but the learned ones as well.
8:00Do we have any sense of when modern or sophisticated language evolved?
8:00Do we have any sense of when modern or sophisticated language evolved?
8:00Do we have any sense of when modern or sophisticated language evolved?
8:00Do we have any sense of when modern or sophisticated language evolved?
8:00Do we have any sense of when modern or sophisticated language evolved?
8:00Do we have any sense of when modern or sophisticated language evolved?
8:06Amongst the primates, which we humans belong to, we are the only ones that have
8:06Amongst the primates, which we humans belong to, we are the only ones that have
8:06Amongst the primates, which we humans belong to, we are the only ones that have
8:06Amongst the primates, which we humans belong to, we are the only ones that have
8:06Amongst the primates, which we humans belong to, we are the only ones that have
8:06Amongst the primates, which we humans belong to, we are the only ones that have
8:11this advanced vocal learning ability.
8:11this advanced vocal learning ability.
8:11this advanced vocal learning ability.
8:11this advanced vocal learning ability.
8:11this advanced vocal learning ability.
8:11this advanced vocal learning ability.
8:15Now, when it was assumed that it was only Homo sapiens, then you can go
8:15Now, when it was assumed that it was only Homo sapiens, then you can go
8:15Now, when it was assumed that it was only Homo sapiens, then you can go
8:15Now, when it was assumed that it was only Homo sapiens, then you can go
8:15Now, when it was assumed that it was only Homo sapiens, then you can go
8:15Now, when it was assumed that it was only Homo sapiens, then you can go
8:21back in time now, based upon genomic data, not only of us living humans, but
8:21back in time now, based upon genomic data, not only of us living humans, but
8:21back in time now, based upon genomic data, not only of us living humans, but
8:21back in time now, based upon genomic data, not only of us living humans, but
8:21back in time now, based upon genomic data, not only of us living humans, but
8:21back in time now, based upon genomic data, not only of us living humans, but
8:26of the fossils that have been found for Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, of Denisovan individuals, and
8:26of the fossils that have been found for Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, of Denisovan individuals, and
8:26of the fossils that have been found for Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, of Denisovan individuals, and
8:26of the fossils that have been found for Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, of Denisovan individuals, and
8:26of the fossils that have been found for Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, of Denisovan individuals, and
8:26of the fossils that have been found for Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, of Denisovan individuals, and
8:34discover that our ancestor, our human ancestors, supposedly hybridized with these other...
8:34discover that our ancestor, our human ancestors, supposedly hybridized with these other...
8:34discover that our ancestor, our human ancestors, supposedly hybridized with these other...
8:34discover that our ancestor, our human ancestors, supposedly hybridized with these other...
8:34discover that our ancestor, our human ancestors, supposedly hybridized with these other...
8:34discover that our ancestor, our human ancestors, supposedly hybridized with these other...
8:42hominid species. And it was assumed that these other hominid species don't learn how to
8:42hominid species. And it was assumed that these other hominid species don't learn how to
8:42hominid species. And it was assumed that these other hominid species don't learn how to
8:42hominid species. And it was assumed that these other hominid species don't learn how to
8:42hominid species. And it was assumed that these other hominid species don't learn how to
8:42hominid species. And it was assumed that these other hominid species don't learn how to
8:48imitate sounds. I don't know of any species today that's a vocal learner that can
8:48imitate sounds. I don't know of any species today that's a vocal learner that can
8:48imitate sounds. I don't know of any species today that's a vocal learner that can
8:48imitate sounds. I don't know of any species today that's a vocal learner that can
8:48imitate sounds. I don't know of any species today that's a vocal learner that can
8:48imitate sounds. I don't know of any species today that's a vocal learner that can
8:54have children with a non -vocal learning species.
8:54have children with a non -vocal learning species.
8:54have children with a non -vocal learning species.
8:54have children with a non -vocal learning species.
8:54have children with a non -vocal learning species.
8:54have children with a non -vocal learning species.
8:57I don't see it. It doesn't mean it didn't exist.
8:57I don't see it. It doesn't mean it didn't exist.
8:57I don't see it. It doesn't mean it didn't exist.
8:57I don't see it. It doesn't mean it didn't exist.
8:57I don't see it. It doesn't mean it didn't exist.
8:57I don't see it. It doesn't mean it didn't exist.
9:00And when we look at the genetic data from these ancestral hominids that, you know,
9:00And when we look at the genetic data from these ancestral hominids that, you know,
9:00And when we look at the genetic data from these ancestral hominids that, you know,
9:00And when we look at the genetic data from these ancestral hominids that, you know,
9:00And when we look at the genetic data from these ancestral hominids that, you know,
9:00And when we look at the genetic data from these ancestral hominids that, you know,
9:07where we can look at genes that are involved in learned vocal communication, they have
9:07where we can look at genes that are involved in learned vocal communication, they have
9:07where we can look at genes that are involved in learned vocal communication, they have
9:07where we can look at genes that are involved in learned vocal communication, they have
9:07where we can look at genes that are involved in learned vocal communication, they have
9:07where we can look at genes that are involved in learned vocal communication, they have
9:12the same sequence as we humans do for genes that function in speech circuits.
9:12the same sequence as we humans do for genes that function in speech circuits.
9:12the same sequence as we humans do for genes that function in speech circuits.
9:12the same sequence as we humans do for genes that function in speech circuits.
9:12the same sequence as we humans do for genes that function in speech circuits.
9:12the same sequence as we humans do for genes that function in speech circuits.
9:17So I think Neanderthals had spoken language.
9:17So I think Neanderthals had spoken language.
9:17So I think Neanderthals had spoken language.
9:17So I think Neanderthals had spoken language.
9:17So I think Neanderthals had spoken language.
9:17So I think Neanderthals had spoken language.
9:20I'm not going to say it's as advanced as what it is in humans.
9:20I'm not going to say it's as advanced as what it is in humans.
9:20I'm not going to say it's as advanced as what it is in humans.
9:20I'm not going to say it's as advanced as what it is in humans.
9:20I'm not going to say it's as advanced as what it is in humans.
9:20I'm not going to say it's as advanced as what it is in humans.
9:23I don't know. But I think it's been there for at least between 500 ,000
9:23I don't know. But I think it's been there for at least between 500 ,000
9:23I don't know. But I think it's been there for at least between 500 ,000
9:23I don't know. But I think it's been there for at least between 500 ,000
9:23I don't know. But I think it's been there for at least between 500 ,000
9:23I don't know. But I think it's been there for at least between 500 ,000
9:27to a million years. Maybe we could talk a little bit more about the overlap
9:27to a million years. Maybe we could talk a little bit more about the overlap
9:27to a million years. Maybe we could talk a little bit more about the overlap
9:27to a million years. Maybe we could talk a little bit more about the overlap
9:27to a million years. Maybe we could talk a little bit more about the overlap
9:27to a million years. Maybe we could talk a little bit more about the overlap
9:31between brain circuits that control language and speech in humans and other animals.
9:31between brain circuits that control language and speech in humans and other animals.
9:31between brain circuits that control language and speech in humans and other animals.
9:31between brain circuits that control language and speech in humans and other animals.
9:31between brain circuits that control language and speech in humans and other animals.
9:31between brain circuits that control language and speech in humans and other animals.
9:36You know, I was weaned in the neuroscience era where bird song and the ability
9:36You know, I was weaned in the neuroscience era where bird song and the ability
9:36You know, I was weaned in the neuroscience era where bird song and the ability
9:36You know, I was weaned in the neuroscience era where bird song and the ability
9:36You know, I was weaned in the neuroscience era where bird song and the ability
9:36You know, I was weaned in the neuroscience era where bird song and the ability
9:43of birds to learn their tutor song was and still is a prominent field and
9:43of birds to learn their tutor song was and still is a prominent field and
9:43of birds to learn their tutor song was and still is a prominent field and
9:43of birds to learn their tutor song was and still is a prominent field and
9:43of birds to learn their tutor song was and still is a prominent field and
9:43of birds to learn their tutor song was and still is a prominent field and
9:47subfield of neuroscience. And this notion of a critical period, a time in which language
9:47subfield of neuroscience. And this notion of a critical period, a time in which language
9:47subfield of neuroscience. And this notion of a critical period, a time in which language
9:47subfield of neuroscience. And this notion of a critical period, a time in which language
9:47subfield of neuroscience. And this notion of a critical period, a time in which language
9:47subfield of neuroscience. And this notion of a critical period, a time in which language
9:52is learned more easily than it is later in life.
9:52is learned more easily than it is later in life.
9:52is learned more easily than it is later in life.
9:52is learned more easily than it is later in life.
9:52is learned more easily than it is later in life.
9:52is learned more easily than it is later in life.
9:55And the names of the different brain areas were quite different.
9:55And the names of the different brain areas were quite different.
9:55And the names of the different brain areas were quite different.
9:55And the names of the different brain areas were quite different.
9:55And the names of the different brain areas were quite different.
9:55And the names of the different brain areas were quite different.
10:00One opens the textbooks, we hear Wernicke's and Broca's for the humans and you look
10:00One opens the textbooks, we hear Wernicke's and Broca's for the humans and you look
10:00One opens the textbooks, we hear Wernicke's and Broca's for the humans and you look
10:00One opens the textbooks, we hear Wernicke's and Broca's for the humans and you look
10:00One opens the textbooks, we hear Wernicke's and Broca's for the humans and you look
10:00One opens the textbooks, we hear Wernicke's and Broca's for the humans and you look
10:04at the birds of it.
10:04at the birds of it.
10:04at the birds of it.
10:04at the birds of it.
10:04at the birds of it.
10:04at the birds of it.
10:05I remember, you know, HBC, robust arch striatum area X.
10:05I remember, you know, HBC, robust arch striatum area X.
10:05I remember, you know, HBC, robust arch striatum area X.
10:05I remember, you know, HBC, robust arch striatum area X.
10:05I remember, you know, HBC, robust arch striatum area X.
10:05I remember, you know, HBC, robust arch striatum area X.
10:10That's right. Yeah. How similar or different are the brains brain areas controlling speech and
10:10That's right. Yeah. How similar or different are the brains brain areas controlling speech and
10:10That's right. Yeah. How similar or different are the brains brain areas controlling speech and
10:10That's right. Yeah. How similar or different are the brains brain areas controlling speech and
10:10That's right. Yeah. How similar or different are the brains brain areas controlling speech and
10:10That's right. Yeah. How similar or different are the brains brain areas controlling speech and
10:15language and say a songbird and a young human child?
10:15language and say a songbird and a young human child?
10:15language and say a songbird and a young human child?
10:15language and say a songbird and a young human child?
10:15language and say a songbird and a young human child?
10:15language and say a songbird and a young human child?
10:19Yeah. So going back to the 1950s or even a little earlier and Peter Mahler
10:19Yeah. So going back to the 1950s or even a little earlier and Peter Mahler
10:19Yeah. So going back to the 1950s or even a little earlier and Peter Mahler
10:19Yeah. So going back to the 1950s or even a little earlier and Peter Mahler
10:19Yeah. So going back to the 1950s or even a little earlier and Peter Mahler
10:19Yeah. So going back to the 1950s or even a little earlier and Peter Mahler
10:24and others who got involved in neuro ethology, the study of neurobiology of behavior in
10:24and others who got involved in neuro ethology, the study of neurobiology of behavior in
10:24and others who got involved in neuro ethology, the study of neurobiology of behavior in
10:24and others who got involved in neuro ethology, the study of neurobiology of behavior in
10:24and others who got involved in neuro ethology, the study of neurobiology of behavior in
10:24and others who got involved in neuro ethology, the study of neurobiology of behavior in
10:31a natural way. Right. You know, they start to find that behaviorally, there are these
10:31a natural way. Right. You know, they start to find that behaviorally, there are these
10:31a natural way. Right. You know, they start to find that behaviorally, there are these
10:31a natural way. Right. You know, they start to find that behaviorally, there are these
10:31a natural way. Right. You know, they start to find that behaviorally, there are these
10:31a natural way. Right. You know, they start to find that behaviorally, there are these
10:38species of birds like songbirds and parrots.
10:38species of birds like songbirds and parrots.
10:38species of birds like songbirds and parrots.
10:38species of birds like songbirds and parrots.
10:38species of birds like songbirds and parrots.
10:38species of birds like songbirds and parrots.
10:40And now we also know hummingbirds, just three of them out of the 40 something
10:40And now we also know hummingbirds, just three of them out of the 40 something
10:40And now we also know hummingbirds, just three of them out of the 40 something
10:40And now we also know hummingbirds, just three of them out of the 40 something
10:40And now we also know hummingbirds, just three of them out of the 40 something
10:40And now we also know hummingbirds, just three of them out of the 40 something
10:43bird groups out there on the planet orders that they can imitate sounds like we
10:43bird groups out there on the planet orders that they can imitate sounds like we
10:43bird groups out there on the planet orders that they can imitate sounds like we
10:43bird groups out there on the planet orders that they can imitate sounds like we
10:43bird groups out there on the planet orders that they can imitate sounds like we
10:43bird groups out there on the planet orders that they can imitate sounds like we
10:48do. And so that was a similarity.
10:48do. And so that was a similarity.
10:48do. And so that was a similarity.
10:48do. And so that was a similarity.
10:48do. And so that was a similarity.
10:48do. And so that was a similarity.
10:51In other words, they had this kind of behavior that's more similar to us.
10:51In other words, they had this kind of behavior that's more similar to us.
10:51In other words, they had this kind of behavior that's more similar to us.
10:51In other words, they had this kind of behavior that's more similar to us.
10:51In other words, they had this kind of behavior that's more similar to us.
10:51In other words, they had this kind of behavior that's more similar to us.
10:54us than chimpanzees have with us, or than chickens have with them, right?
10:54us than chimpanzees have with us, or than chickens have with them, right?
10:54us than chimpanzees have with us, or than chickens have with them, right?
10:54us than chimpanzees have with us, or than chickens have with them, right?
10:54us than chimpanzees have with us, or than chickens have with them, right?
10:54us than chimpanzees have with us, or than chickens have with them, right?
10:58They're close to relatives. And then they discovered even more similarities, these critical periods, that
10:58They're close to relatives. And then they discovered even more similarities, these critical periods, that
10:58They're close to relatives. And then they discovered even more similarities, these critical periods, that
10:58They're close to relatives. And then they discovered even more similarities, these critical periods, that
10:58They're close to relatives. And then they discovered even more similarities, these critical periods, that
10:58They're close to relatives. And then they discovered even more similarities, these critical periods, that
11:04if you remove a child, you know, this unfortunately happens where a child is feral
11:04if you remove a child, you know, this unfortunately happens where a child is feral
11:04if you remove a child, you know, this unfortunately happens where a child is feral
11:04if you remove a child, you know, this unfortunately happens where a child is feral
11:04if you remove a child, you know, this unfortunately happens where a child is feral
11:04if you remove a child, you know, this unfortunately happens where a child is feral
11:09and is not raised with human and goes through their puberty phase of growth, it
11:09and is not raised with human and goes through their puberty phase of growth, it
11:09and is not raised with human and goes through their puberty phase of growth, it
11:09and is not raised with human and goes through their puberty phase of growth, it
11:09and is not raised with human and goes through their puberty phase of growth, it
11:09and is not raised with human and goes through their puberty phase of growth, it
11:14becomes hard for them to learn a language as an adult.
11:14becomes hard for them to learn a language as an adult.
11:14becomes hard for them to learn a language as an adult.
11:14becomes hard for them to learn a language as an adult.
11:14becomes hard for them to learn a language as an adult.
11:14becomes hard for them to learn a language as an adult.
11:17So there's this critical period where you learn best.
11:17So there's this critical period where you learn best.
11:17So there's this critical period where you learn best.
11:17So there's this critical period where you learn best.
11:17So there's this critical period where you learn best.
11:17So there's this critical period where you learn best.
11:20And even later on, when you're in regular society, it's hard to learn.
11:20And even later on, when you're in regular society, it's hard to learn.
11:20And even later on, when you're in regular society, it's hard to learn.
11:20And even later on, when you're in regular society, it's hard to learn.
11:20And even later on, when you're in regular society, it's hard to learn.
11:20And even later on, when you're in regular society, it's hard to learn.
11:24Well, the birds undergo the same thing.
11:24Well, the birds undergo the same thing.
11:24Well, the birds undergo the same thing.
11:24Well, the birds undergo the same thing.
11:24Well, the birds undergo the same thing.
11:24Well, the birds undergo the same thing.
11:26And then it was discovered that if they become deaf, we humans become deaf, our
11:26And then it was discovered that if they become deaf, we humans become deaf, our
11:26And then it was discovered that if they become deaf, we humans become deaf, our
11:26And then it was discovered that if they become deaf, we humans become deaf, our
11:26And then it was discovered that if they become deaf, we humans become deaf, our
11:26And then it was discovered that if they become deaf, we humans become deaf, our
11:32speech starts to deteriorate without any kind of therapy.
11:32speech starts to deteriorate without any kind of therapy.
11:32speech starts to deteriorate without any kind of therapy.
11:32speech starts to deteriorate without any kind of therapy.
11:32speech starts to deteriorate without any kind of therapy.
11:32speech starts to deteriorate without any kind of therapy.
11:36If a non -human primate or, you know, or let's say a chicken becomes deaf,
11:36If a non -human primate or, you know, or let's say a chicken becomes deaf,
11:36If a non -human primate or, you know, or let's say a chicken becomes deaf,
11:36If a non -human primate or, you know, or let's say a chicken becomes deaf,
11:36If a non -human primate or, you know, or let's say a chicken becomes deaf,
11:36If a non -human primate or, you know, or let's say a chicken becomes deaf,
11:42their vocalizations don't deteriorate, very little at least.
11:42their vocalizations don't deteriorate, very little at least.
11:42their vocalizations don't deteriorate, very little at least.
11:42their vocalizations don't deteriorate, very little at least.
11:42their vocalizations don't deteriorate, very little at least.
11:42their vocalizations don't deteriorate, very little at least.
11:46Well, this happens in the vocal learning birds.
11:46Well, this happens in the vocal learning birds.
11:46Well, this happens in the vocal learning birds.
11:46Well, this happens in the vocal learning birds.
11:46Well, this happens in the vocal learning birds.
11:46Well, this happens in the vocal learning birds.
11:49So there were all these behavioral parallels that came along in a package.
11:49So there were all these behavioral parallels that came along in a package.
11:49So there were all these behavioral parallels that came along in a package.
11:49So there were all these behavioral parallels that came along in a package.
11:49So there were all these behavioral parallels that came along in a package.
11:49So there were all these behavioral parallels that came along in a package.
11:53And then people looked into the brain, Fernando Nadeva, my former PhD advisor, and began
11:53And then people looked into the brain, Fernando Nadeva, my former PhD advisor, and began
11:53And then people looked into the brain, Fernando Nadeva, my former PhD advisor, and began
11:53And then people looked into the brain, Fernando Nadeva, my former PhD advisor, and began
11:53And then people looked into the brain, Fernando Nadeva, my former PhD advisor, and began
11:53And then people looked into the brain, Fernando Nadeva, my former PhD advisor, and began
11:58to discover the area X you talked about, the robust nucleus of the archipelium.
11:58to discover the area X you talked about, the robust nucleus of the archipelium.
11:58to discover the area X you talked about, the robust nucleus of the archipelium.
11:58to discover the area X you talked about, the robust nucleus of the archipelium.
11:58to discover the area X you talked about, the robust nucleus of the archipelium.
11:58to discover the area X you talked about, the robust nucleus of the archipelium.
12:04And these brain pathways were not found in the species who couldn't imitate.
12:04And these brain pathways were not found in the species who couldn't imitate.
12:04And these brain pathways were not found in the species who couldn't imitate.
12:04And these brain pathways were not found in the species who couldn't imitate.
12:04And these brain pathways were not found in the species who couldn't imitate.
12:04And these brain pathways were not found in the species who couldn't imitate.
12:10So there was a parallel here.
12:10So there was a parallel here.
12:10So there was a parallel here.
12:10So there was a parallel here.
12:10So there was a parallel here.
12:10So there was a parallel here.
12:11And then jumping many years later, you know, I started to dig down into these
12:11And then jumping many years later, you know, I started to dig down into these
12:11And then jumping many years later, you know, I started to dig down into these
12:11And then jumping many years later, you know, I started to dig down into these
12:11And then jumping many years later, you know, I started to dig down into these
12:11And then jumping many years later, you know, I started to dig down into these
12:16brain circuits to discover that these brain circuits have parallel functions with the brain circuits
12:16brain circuits to discover that these brain circuits have parallel functions with the brain circuits
12:16brain circuits to discover that these brain circuits have parallel functions with the brain circuits
12:16brain circuits to discover that these brain circuits have parallel functions with the brain circuits
12:16brain circuits to discover that these brain circuits have parallel functions with the brain circuits
12:16brain circuits to discover that these brain circuits have parallel functions with the brain circuits
12:22for humans, even though they're by a different name like Broca's and laryngomotor cortex.
12:22for humans, even though they're by a different name like Broca's and laryngomotor cortex.
12:22for humans, even though they're by a different name like Broca's and laryngomotor cortex.
12:22for humans, even though they're by a different name like Broca's and laryngomotor cortex.
12:22for humans, even though they're by a different name like Broca's and laryngomotor cortex.
12:22for humans, even though they're by a different name like Broca's and laryngomotor cortex.
12:27And most recently, we discovered not only the actual circuitry and the connectivity are similar,
12:27And most recently, we discovered not only the actual circuitry and the connectivity are similar,
12:27And most recently, we discovered not only the actual circuitry and the connectivity are similar,
12:27And most recently, we discovered not only the actual circuitry and the connectivity are similar,
12:27And most recently, we discovered not only the actual circuitry and the connectivity are similar,
12:27And most recently, we discovered not only the actual circuitry and the connectivity are similar,
12:32but the underlying genes that are expressed in these brain regions in a specialized way,
12:32but the underlying genes that are expressed in these brain regions in a specialized way,
12:32but the underlying genes that are expressed in these brain regions in a specialized way,
12:32but the underlying genes that are expressed in these brain regions in a specialized way,
12:32but the underlying genes that are expressed in these brain regions in a specialized way,
12:32but the underlying genes that are expressed in these brain regions in a specialized way,
12:38different from the rest of the brain, are also similar between humans and songbirds and
12:38different from the rest of the brain, are also similar between humans and songbirds and
12:38different from the rest of the brain, are also similar between humans and songbirds and
12:38different from the rest of the brain, are also similar between humans and songbirds and
12:38different from the rest of the brain, are also similar between humans and songbirds and
12:38different from the rest of the brain, are also similar between humans and songbirds and
12:42parrots. So all the way down to the genes.
12:42parrots. So all the way down to the genes.
12:42parrots. So all the way down to the genes.
12:42parrots. So all the way down to the genes.
12:42parrots. So all the way down to the genes.
12:42parrots. So all the way down to the genes.
12:44And now we're finding the specific mutations are also similar, not always identical, but similar,
12:44And now we're finding the specific mutations are also similar, not always identical, but similar,
12:44And now we're finding the specific mutations are also similar, not always identical, but similar,
12:44And now we're finding the specific mutations are also similar, not always identical, but similar,
12:44And now we're finding the specific mutations are also similar, not always identical, but similar,
12:44And now we're finding the specific mutations are also similar, not always identical, but similar,
12:50which indicates remarkable convergence for a so -called complex behavior in species separated by 300
12:50which indicates remarkable convergence for a so -called complex behavior in species separated by 300
12:50which indicates remarkable convergence for a so -called complex behavior in species separated by 300
12:50which indicates remarkable convergence for a so -called complex behavior in species separated by 300
12:50which indicates remarkable convergence for a so -called complex behavior in species separated by 300
12:50which indicates remarkable convergence for a so -called complex behavior in species separated by 300
12:57million years from a common ancestor.
12:57million years from a common ancestor.
12:57million years from a common ancestor.
12:57million years from a common ancestor.
12:57million years from a common ancestor.
12:57million years from a common ancestor.
12:59And not only that, we are discovering that mutations in these genes, that cause speech
12:59And not only that, we are discovering that mutations in these genes, that cause speech
12:59And not only that, we are discovering that mutations in these genes, that cause speech
12:59And not only that, we are discovering that mutations in these genes, that cause speech
12:59And not only that, we are discovering that mutations in these genes, that cause speech
12:59And not only that, we are discovering that mutations in these genes, that cause speech
13:05deficits in humans, like in FOXP2.
13:05deficits in humans, like in FOXP2.
13:05deficits in humans, like in FOXP2.
13:05deficits in humans, like in FOXP2.
13:05deficits in humans, like in FOXP2.
13:05deficits in humans, like in FOXP2.
13:09If you put those same mutations or similar type of deficits in these vocal learning
13:09If you put those same mutations or similar type of deficits in these vocal learning
13:09If you put those same mutations or similar type of deficits in these vocal learning
13:09If you put those same mutations or similar type of deficits in these vocal learning
13:09If you put those same mutations or similar type of deficits in these vocal learning
13:09If you put those same mutations or similar type of deficits in these vocal learning
13:14birds, you get similar deficits.
13:14birds, you get similar deficits.
13:14birds, you get similar deficits.
13:14birds, you get similar deficits.
13:14birds, you get similar deficits.
13:14birds, you get similar deficits.
13:16So convergence of the behavior is associated with similar genetic disorders of the behavior.
13:16So convergence of the behavior is associated with similar genetic disorders of the behavior.
13:16So convergence of the behavior is associated with similar genetic disorders of the behavior.
13:16So convergence of the behavior is associated with similar genetic disorders of the behavior.
13:16So convergence of the behavior is associated with similar genetic disorders of the behavior.
13:16So convergence of the behavior is associated with similar genetic disorders of the behavior.
13:22Do hummingbirds sing or do they hum?
13:22Do hummingbirds sing or do they hum?
13:22Do hummingbirds sing or do they hum?
13:22Do hummingbirds sing or do they hum?
13:22Do hummingbirds sing or do they hum?
13:22Do hummingbirds sing or do they hum?
13:25Hummingbirds hum with their wings and sing with their syrinx.
13:25Hummingbirds hum with their wings and sing with their syrinx.
13:25Hummingbirds hum with their wings and sing with their syrinx.
13:25Hummingbirds hum with their wings and sing with their syrinx.
13:25Hummingbirds hum with their wings and sing with their syrinx.
13:25Hummingbirds hum with their wings and sing with their syrinx.
13:28In a coordinated way? In a coordinated way.
13:28In a coordinated way? In a coordinated way.
13:28In a coordinated way? In a coordinated way.
13:28In a coordinated way? In a coordinated way.
13:28In a coordinated way? In a coordinated way.
13:28In a coordinated way? In a coordinated way.
13:31There's some species of hummingbirds that actually will, Doug Ashford showed this, that will flap
13:31There's some species of hummingbirds that actually will, Doug Ashford showed this, that will flap
13:31There's some species of hummingbirds that actually will, Doug Ashford showed this, that will flap
13:31There's some species of hummingbirds that actually will, Doug Ashford showed this, that will flap
13:31There's some species of hummingbirds that actually will, Doug Ashford showed this, that will flap
13:31There's some species of hummingbirds that actually will, Doug Ashford showed this, that will flap
13:39their wings and create a slapping sound with their wings that's in unison with their
13:39their wings and create a slapping sound with their wings that's in unison with their
13:39their wings and create a slapping sound with their wings that's in unison with their
13:39their wings and create a slapping sound with their wings that's in unison with their
13:39their wings and create a slapping sound with their wings that's in unison with their
13:39their wings and create a slapping sound with their wings that's in unison with their
13:45song. And you would not know it, but it sounds like a particular syllable in
13:45song. And you would not know it, but it sounds like a particular syllable in
13:45song. And you would not know it, but it sounds like a particular syllable in
13:45song. And you would not know it, but it sounds like a particular syllable in
13:45song. And you would not know it, but it sounds like a particular syllable in
13:45song. And you would not know it, but it sounds like a particular syllable in
13:50their songs, even though it's their wings and their voice at the same time.
13:50their songs, even though it's their wings and their voice at the same time.
13:50their songs, even though it's their wings and their voice at the same time.
13:50their songs, even though it's their wings and their voice at the same time.
13:50their songs, even though it's their wings and their voice at the same time.
13:50their songs, even though it's their wings and their voice at the same time.
13:56Hummingbirds are clapping to their song.
13:56Hummingbirds are clapping to their song.
13:56Hummingbirds are clapping to their song.
13:56Hummingbirds are clapping to their song.
13:56Hummingbirds are clapping to their song.
13:56Hummingbirds are clapping to their song.
13:58Clapping, they're snapping their wings together.
13:58Clapping, they're snapping their wings together.
13:58Clapping, they're snapping their wings together.
13:58Clapping, they're snapping their wings together.
13:58Clapping, they're snapping their wings together.
13:58Clapping, they're snapping their wings together.
14:02In unison with a song to make it like, if I'm going, ba -da -da
14:02In unison with a song to make it like, if I'm going, ba -da -da
14:02In unison with a song to make it like, if I'm going, ba -da -da
14:02In unison with a song to make it like, if I'm going, ba -da -da
14:02In unison with a song to make it like, if I'm going, ba -da -da
14:02In unison with a song to make it like, if I'm going, ba -da -da
14:06-da -da -da -da, ba -da, you know, and I banged on the table.
14:06-da -da -da -da, ba -da, you know, and I banged on the table.
14:06-da -da -da -da, ba -da, you know, and I banged on the table.
14:06-da -da -da -da, ba -da, you know, and I banged on the table.
14:06-da -da -da -da, ba -da, you know, and I banged on the table.
14:06-da -da -da -da, ba -da, you know, and I banged on the table.
14:09Except they make it almost sound like their voice with their wings.
14:09Except they make it almost sound like their voice with their wings.
14:09Except they make it almost sound like their voice with their wings.
14:09Except they make it almost sound like their voice with their wings.
14:09Except they make it almost sound like their voice with their wings.
14:09Except they make it almost sound like their voice with their wings.
14:13What's amazing about hummingbirds, and we're going to say vocal learning species in general, is
14:13What's amazing about hummingbirds, and we're going to say vocal learning species in general, is
14:13What's amazing about hummingbirds, and we're going to say vocal learning species in general, is
14:13What's amazing about hummingbirds, and we're going to say vocal learning species in general, is
14:13What's amazing about hummingbirds, and we're going to say vocal learning species in general, is
14:13What's amazing about hummingbirds, and we're going to say vocal learning species in general, is
14:18that for whatever reason, they seem to evolve multiple complex traits.
14:18that for whatever reason, they seem to evolve multiple complex traits.
14:18that for whatever reason, they seem to evolve multiple complex traits.
14:18that for whatever reason, they seem to evolve multiple complex traits.
14:18that for whatever reason, they seem to evolve multiple complex traits.
14:18that for whatever reason, they seem to evolve multiple complex traits.
14:23It's, you know, this idea that the evolving language, spoken language in particular, comes along
14:23It's, you know, this idea that the evolving language, spoken language in particular, comes along
14:23It's, you know, this idea that the evolving language, spoken language in particular, comes along
14:23It's, you know, this idea that the evolving language, spoken language in particular, comes along
14:23It's, you know, this idea that the evolving language, spoken language in particular, comes along
14:23It's, you know, this idea that the evolving language, spoken language in particular, comes along
14:29with a set of specializations.
14:29with a set of specializations.
14:29with a set of specializations.
14:29with a set of specializations.
14:29with a set of specializations.
14:29with a set of specializations.
14:31When I was coming up in neuroscience, I learned that, I think it was the
14:31When I was coming up in neuroscience, I learned that, I think it was the
14:31When I was coming up in neuroscience, I learned that, I think it was the
14:31When I was coming up in neuroscience, I learned that, I think it was the
14:31When I was coming up in neuroscience, I learned that, I think it was the
14:31When I was coming up in neuroscience, I learned that, I think it was the
14:37work of Peter Marler, that young birds learn, songbirds learn their tutor's song and learn
14:37work of Peter Marler, that young birds learn, songbirds learn their tutor's song and learn
14:37work of Peter Marler, that young birds learn, songbirds learn their tutor's song and learn
14:37work of Peter Marler, that young birds learn, songbirds learn their tutor's song and learn
14:37work of Peter Marler, that young birds learn, songbirds learn their tutor's song and learn
14:37work of Peter Marler, that young birds learn, songbirds learn their tutor's song and learn
14:44it quite well, but that they could learn the song of another tutor.
14:44it quite well, but that they could learn the song of another tutor.
14:44it quite well, but that they could learn the song of another tutor.
14:44it quite well, but that they could learn the song of another tutor.
14:44it quite well, but that they could learn the song of another tutor.
14:44it quite well, but that they could learn the song of another tutor.
14:50In other words, they could learn a different, and for the listeners, I'm doing air
14:50In other words, they could learn a different, and for the listeners, I'm doing air
14:50In other words, they could learn a different, and for the listeners, I'm doing air
14:50In other words, they could learn a different, and for the listeners, I'm doing air
14:50In other words, they could learn a different, and for the listeners, I'm doing air
14:50In other words, they could learn a different, and for the listeners, I'm doing air
14:52quotes here, a different language, a different bird song, different than their own species song,
14:52quotes here, a different language, a different bird song, different than their own species song,
14:52quotes here, a different language, a different bird song, different than their own species song,
14:52quotes here, a different language, a different bird song, different than their own species song,
14:52quotes here, a different language, a different bird song, different than their own species song,
14:52quotes here, a different language, a different bird song, different than their own species song,
14:58but never as well as they could learn their own natural genetically linked song.
14:58but never as well as they could learn their own natural genetically linked song.
14:58but never as well as they could learn their own natural genetically linked song.
14:58but never as well as they could learn their own natural genetically linked song.
14:58but never as well as they could learn their own natural genetically linked song.
14:58but never as well as they could learn their own natural genetically linked song.
15:04Yes. Genetically linked, meaning that it would be like me being raised in a different
15:04Yes. Genetically linked, meaning that it would be like me being raised in a different
15:04Yes. Genetically linked, meaning that it would be like me being raised in a different
15:04Yes. Genetically linked, meaning that it would be like me being raised in a different
15:04Yes. Genetically linked, meaning that it would be like me being raised in a different
15:04Yes. Genetically linked, meaning that it would be like me being raised in a different
15:08culture, and that I would learn the other language, but not as well as I
15:08culture, and that I would learn the other language, but not as well as I
15:08culture, and that I would learn the other language, but not as well as I
15:08culture, and that I would learn the other language, but not as well as I
15:08culture, and that I would learn the other language, but not as well as I
15:08culture, and that I would learn the other language, but not as well as I
15:14would have learned English. This is the idea.
15:14would have learned English. This is the idea.
15:14would have learned English. This is the idea.
15:14would have learned English. This is the idea.
15:14would have learned English. This is the idea.
15:14would have learned English. This is the idea.
15:17Yes. Is that true? That is true, yes.
15:17Yes. Is that true? That is true, yes.
15:17Yes. Is that true? That is true, yes.
15:17Yes. Is that true? That is true, yes.
15:17Yes. Is that true? That is true, yes.
15:17Yes. Is that true? That is true, yes.
15:19And that's what I learned growing up as well and talked to Peter Mahler himself
15:19And that's what I learned growing up as well and talked to Peter Mahler himself
15:19And that's what I learned growing up as well and talked to Peter Mahler himself
15:19And that's what I learned growing up as well and talked to Peter Mahler himself
15:19And that's what I learned growing up as well and talked to Peter Mahler himself
15:19And that's what I learned growing up as well and talked to Peter Mahler himself
15:23about before he passed. He used to call it the innate predisposition to learn, which
15:23about before he passed. He used to call it the innate predisposition to learn, which
15:23about before he passed. He used to call it the innate predisposition to learn, which
15:23about before he passed. He used to call it the innate predisposition to learn, which
15:23about before he passed. He used to call it the innate predisposition to learn, which
15:23about before he passed. He used to call it the innate predisposition to learn, which
15:32would be kind of the equivalent in the linguistic community of universal grammar.
15:32would be kind of the equivalent in the linguistic community of universal grammar.
15:32would be kind of the equivalent in the linguistic community of universal grammar.
15:32would be kind of the equivalent in the linguistic community of universal grammar.
15:32would be kind of the equivalent in the linguistic community of universal grammar.
15:32would be kind of the equivalent in the linguistic community of universal grammar.
15:36There is something genetically influencing our vocal communication on top of what we learn culturally.
15:36There is something genetically influencing our vocal communication on top of what we learn culturally.
15:36There is something genetically influencing our vocal communication on top of what we learn culturally.
15:36There is something genetically influencing our vocal communication on top of what we learn culturally.
15:36There is something genetically influencing our vocal communication on top of what we learn culturally.
15:36There is something genetically influencing our vocal communication on top of what we learn culturally.
15:45And so there's this balance between the genetic control of speech or a song in
15:45And so there's this balance between the genetic control of speech or a song in
15:45And so there's this balance between the genetic control of speech or a song in
15:45And so there's this balance between the genetic control of speech or a song in
15:45And so there's this balance between the genetic control of speech or a song in
15:45And so there's this balance between the genetic control of speech or a song in
15:51these birds and the learned cultural control.
15:51these birds and the learned cultural control.
15:51these birds and the learned cultural control.
15:51these birds and the learned cultural control.
15:51these birds and the learned cultural control.
15:51these birds and the learned cultural control.
15:54And so, yes, if you were to take, I mean, in this case, we actually
15:54And so, yes, if you were to take, I mean, in this case, we actually
15:54And so, yes, if you were to take, I mean, in this case, we actually
15:54And so, yes, if you were to take, I mean, in this case, we actually
15:54And so, yes, if you were to take, I mean, in this case, we actually
15:54And so, yes, if you were to take, I mean, in this case, we actually
16:01tried this at Rockefeller later on, take a zebra finch and raise it with a
16:01tried this at Rockefeller later on, take a zebra finch and raise it with a
16:01tried this at Rockefeller later on, take a zebra finch and raise it with a
16:01tried this at Rockefeller later on, take a zebra finch and raise it with a
16:01tried this at Rockefeller later on, take a zebra finch and raise it with a
16:01tried this at Rockefeller later on, take a zebra finch and raise it with a
16:06canary, it would sing a song that was sort of like a hybrid in between.
16:06canary, it would sing a song that was sort of like a hybrid in between.
16:06canary, it would sing a song that was sort of like a hybrid in between.
16:06canary, it would sing a song that was sort of like a hybrid in between.
16:06canary, it would sing a song that was sort of like a hybrid in between.
16:06canary, it would sing a song that was sort of like a hybrid in between.
16:10We call it a caninch, right?
16:10We call it a caninch, right?
16:10We call it a caninch, right?
16:10We call it a caninch, right?
16:10We call it a caninch, right?
16:10We call it a caninch, right?
16:13And vice versa for the canary.
16:13And vice versa for the canary.
16:13And vice versa for the canary.
16:13And vice versa for the canary.
16:13And vice versa for the canary.
16:13And vice versa for the canary.
16:15Because there's something different about their vocal musculature or the circuitry in the brain.
16:15Because there's something different about their vocal musculature or the circuitry in the brain.
16:15Because there's something different about their vocal musculature or the circuitry in the brain.
16:15Because there's something different about their vocal musculature or the circuitry in the brain.
16:15Because there's something different about their vocal musculature or the circuitry in the brain.
16:15Because there's something different about their vocal musculature or the circuitry in the brain.
16:20And with a zebra finch, even with a closely related species, if you would take
16:20And with a zebra finch, even with a closely related species, if you would take
16:20And with a zebra finch, even with a closely related species, if you would take
16:20And with a zebra finch, even with a closely related species, if you would take
16:20And with a zebra finch, even with a closely related species, if you would take
16:20And with a zebra finch, even with a closely related species, if you would take
16:24a zebra finch, a young animal, and in one cage next to it, place its
16:24a zebra finch, a young animal, and in one cage next to it, place its
16:24a zebra finch, a young animal, and in one cage next to it, place its
16:24a zebra finch, a young animal, and in one cage next to it, place its
16:24a zebra finch, a young animal, and in one cage next to it, place its
16:24a zebra finch, a young animal, and in one cage next to it, place its
16:29own species, adult, male, right?
16:29own species, adult, male, right?
16:29own species, adult, male, right?
16:29own species, adult, male, right?
16:29own species, adult, male, right?
16:29own species, adult, male, right?
16:32And in the other cage, place a Bengalese finch next to it, it would preferably
16:32And in the other cage, place a Bengalese finch next to it, it would preferably
16:32And in the other cage, place a Bengalese finch next to it, it would preferably
16:32And in the other cage, place a Bengalese finch next to it, it would preferably
16:32And in the other cage, place a Bengalese finch next to it, it would preferably
16:32And in the other cage, place a Bengalese finch next to it, it would preferably
16:36learn the song from its own species, neighbor.
16:36learn the song from its own species, neighbor.
16:36learn the song from its own species, neighbor.
16:36learn the song from its own species, neighbor.
16:36learn the song from its own species, neighbor.
16:36learn the song from its own species, neighbor.
16:40But if you remove its neighbor, it would learn that Bengalese finch very well.
16:40But if you remove its neighbor, it would learn that Bengalese finch very well.
16:40But if you remove its neighbor, it would learn that Bengalese finch very well.
16:40But if you remove its neighbor, it would learn that Bengalese finch very well.
16:40But if you remove its neighbor, it would learn that Bengalese finch very well.
16:40But if you remove its neighbor, it would learn that Bengalese finch very well.
16:45So there's, it has something to do with also the social bonding with your own
16:45So there's, it has something to do with also the social bonding with your own
16:45So there's, it has something to do with also the social bonding with your own
16:45So there's, it has something to do with also the social bonding with your own
16:45So there's, it has something to do with also the social bonding with your own
16:45So there's, it has something to do with also the social bonding with your own
16:50species. That raises a question that I, based on something I also heard, but I
16:50species. That raises a question that I, based on something I also heard, but I
16:50species. That raises a question that I, based on something I also heard, but I
16:50species. That raises a question that I, based on something I also heard, but I
16:50species. That raises a question that I, based on something I also heard, but I
16:50species. That raises a question that I, based on something I also heard, but I
16:54don't have any scientific, peer -reviewed publication to point to, which is this idea of
16:54don't have any scientific, peer -reviewed publication to point to, which is this idea of
16:54don't have any scientific, peer -reviewed publication to point to, which is this idea of
16:54don't have any scientific, peer -reviewed publication to point to, which is this idea of
16:54don't have any scientific, peer -reviewed publication to point to, which is this idea of
16:54don't have any scientific, peer -reviewed publication to point to, which is this idea of
16:59pigeon, not the bird, but this idea of when multiple cultures and languages converge in
16:59pigeon, not the bird, but this idea of when multiple cultures and languages converge in
16:59pigeon, not the bird, but this idea of when multiple cultures and languages converge in
16:59pigeon, not the bird, but this idea of when multiple cultures and languages converge in
16:59pigeon, not the bird, but this idea of when multiple cultures and languages converge in
16:59pigeon, not the bird, but this idea of when multiple cultures and languages converge in
17:05a given geographic area, that the children of all the different native languages will come
17:05a given geographic area, that the children of all the different native languages will come
17:05a given geographic area, that the children of all the different native languages will come
17:05a given geographic area, that the children of all the different native languages will come
17:05a given geographic area, that the children of all the different native languages will come
17:05a given geographic area, that the children of all the different native languages will come
17:10up with their own language.
17:10up with their own language.
17:10up with their own language.
17:10up with their own language.
17:10up with their own language.
17:10up with their own language.
17:12I think this was in island culture, maybe in Hawaii, called pigeon, which is sort
17:12I think this was in island culture, maybe in Hawaii, called pigeon, which is sort
17:12I think this was in island culture, maybe in Hawaii, called pigeon, which is sort
17:12I think this was in island culture, maybe in Hawaii, called pigeon, which is sort
17:12I think this was in island culture, maybe in Hawaii, called pigeon, which is sort
17:12I think this was in island culture, maybe in Hawaii, called pigeon, which is sort
17:16of a hybrid of the various languages that their parents speak at home and that
17:16of a hybrid of the various languages that their parents speak at home and that
17:16of a hybrid of the various languages that their parents speak at home and that
17:16of a hybrid of the various languages that their parents speak at home and that
17:16of a hybrid of the various languages that their parents speak at home and that
17:16of a hybrid of the various languages that their parents speak at home and that
17:21they themselves speak. And that somehow pigeon, again, not the bird, but a language called
17:21they themselves speak. And that somehow pigeon, again, not the bird, but a language called
17:21they themselves speak. And that somehow pigeon, again, not the bird, but a language called
17:21they themselves speak. And that somehow pigeon, again, not the bird, but a language called
17:21they themselves speak. And that somehow pigeon, again, not the bird, but a language called
17:21they themselves speak. And that somehow pigeon, again, not the bird, but a language called
17:26pigeon. for reasons I don't know, harbors certain basic elements of all language.
17:26pigeon. for reasons I don't know, harbors certain basic elements of all language.
17:26pigeon. for reasons I don't know, harbors certain basic elements of all language.
17:26pigeon. for reasons I don't know, harbors certain basic elements of all language.
17:26pigeon. for reasons I don't know, harbors certain basic elements of all language.
17:26pigeon. for reasons I don't know, harbors certain basic elements of all language.
17:33Is that true? Is that not true?
17:33Is that true? Is that not true?
17:33Is that true? Is that not true?
17:33Is that true? Is that not true?
17:33Is that true? Is that not true?
17:33Is that true? Is that not true?
17:36What is going on here is cultural evolution remarkably tracks genetic evolution.
17:36What is going on here is cultural evolution remarkably tracks genetic evolution.
17:36What is going on here is cultural evolution remarkably tracks genetic evolution.
17:36What is going on here is cultural evolution remarkably tracks genetic evolution.
17:36What is going on here is cultural evolution remarkably tracks genetic evolution.
17:36What is going on here is cultural evolution remarkably tracks genetic evolution.
17:43So if you bring people from two separate populations together that have been in their
17:43So if you bring people from two separate populations together that have been in their
17:43So if you bring people from two separate populations together that have been in their
17:43So if you bring people from two separate populations together that have been in their
17:43So if you bring people from two separate populations together that have been in their
17:43So if you bring people from two separate populations together that have been in their
17:48separate populations, evolutionarily at least, for hundreds of generations, so someone speaking Chinese, someone speaking
17:48separate populations, evolutionarily at least, for hundreds of generations, so someone speaking Chinese, someone speaking
17:48separate populations, evolutionarily at least, for hundreds of generations, so someone speaking Chinese, someone speaking
17:48separate populations, evolutionarily at least, for hundreds of generations, so someone speaking Chinese, someone speaking
17:48separate populations, evolutionarily at least, for hundreds of generations, so someone speaking Chinese, someone speaking
17:48separate populations, evolutionarily at least, for hundreds of generations, so someone speaking Chinese, someone speaking
17:55English, and that child then is learning from both of them, yes, that child is
17:55English, and that child then is learning from both of them, yes, that child is
17:55English, and that child then is learning from both of them, yes, that child is
17:55English, and that child then is learning from both of them, yes, that child is
17:55English, and that child then is learning from both of them, yes, that child is
17:55English, and that child then is learning from both of them, yes, that child is
18:01going to be able to pick up and merge phonemes and words together in a
18:01going to be able to pick up and merge phonemes and words together in a
18:01going to be able to pick up and merge phonemes and words together in a
18:01going to be able to pick up and merge phonemes and words together in a
18:01going to be able to pick up and merge phonemes and words together in a
18:01going to be able to pick up and merge phonemes and words together in a
18:08way that an adult wouldn't.
18:08way that an adult wouldn't.
18:08way that an adult wouldn't.
18:08way that an adult wouldn't.
18:08way that an adult wouldn't.
18:08way that an adult wouldn't.
18:10Because why? They're experiencing both languages at the same time during their critical period years
18:10Because why? They're experiencing both languages at the same time during their critical period years
18:10Because why? They're experiencing both languages at the same time during their critical period years
18:10Because why? They're experiencing both languages at the same time during their critical period years
18:10Because why? They're experiencing both languages at the same time during their critical period years
18:10Because why? They're experiencing both languages at the same time during their critical period years
18:17in a way that adults would not be able to experience.
18:17in a way that adults would not be able to experience.
18:17in a way that adults would not be able to experience.
18:17in a way that adults would not be able to experience.
18:17in a way that adults would not be able to experience.
18:17in a way that adults would not be able to experience.
18:22And so you get a hybrid.
18:22And so you get a hybrid.
18:22And so you get a hybrid.
18:22And so you get a hybrid.
18:22And so you get a hybrid.
18:22And so you get a hybrid.
18:23And the lowest common denominator is going to be what they share.
18:23And the lowest common denominator is going to be what they share.
18:23And the lowest common denominator is going to be what they share.
18:23And the lowest common denominator is going to be what they share.
18:23And the lowest common denominator is going to be what they share.
18:23And the lowest common denominator is going to be what they share.
18:27And so the phonemes that they've retained in each of their languages is what's going
18:27And so the phonemes that they've retained in each of their languages is what's going
18:27And so the phonemes that they've retained in each of their languages is what's going
18:27And so the phonemes that they've retained in each of their languages is what's going
18:27And so the phonemes that they've retained in each of their languages is what's going
18:27And so the phonemes that they've retained in each of their languages is what's going
18:33to be, I imagine, used the most.
18:33to be, I imagine, used the most.
18:33to be, I imagine, used the most.
18:33to be, I imagine, used the most.
18:33to be, I imagine, used the most.
18:33to be, I imagine, used the most.
18:35As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years now.
18:35As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years now.
18:35As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years now.
18:35As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years now.
18:35As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years now.
18:35As many of you know, I've been taking AG1 for nearly 15 years now.
18:40I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast, and
18:40I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast, and
18:40I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast, and
18:40I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast, and
18:40I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast, and
18:40I discovered it way back in 2012, long before I ever had a podcast, and
18:44I've been taking it every day since.
18:44I've been taking it every day since.
18:44I've been taking it every day since.
18:44I've been taking it every day since.
18:44I've been taking it every day since.
18:44I've been taking it every day since.
18:46The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
18:46The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
18:46The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
18:46The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
18:46The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
18:46The reason I started taking it, and the reason I still take it, is because
18:50AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
18:50AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
18:50AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
18:50AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
18:50AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
18:50AG1 is, to my knowledge, the highest quality and most comprehensive of the foundational nutritional
18:55supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
18:55supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
18:55supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
18:55supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
18:55supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
18:55supplements on the market. It combines vitamins, minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, and adaptogens into a single
19:01scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
19:01scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
19:01scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
19:01scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
19:01scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
19:01scoop that's easy to drink, and it tastes great.
19:04It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
19:04It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
19:04It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
19:04It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
19:04It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
19:04It's designed to support things like gut health, immune health, and overall energy.
19:08And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
19:08And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
19:08And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
19:08And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
19:08And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
19:08And it does so by helping to fill any gaps you might have in your
19:12daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
19:12daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
19:12daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
19:12daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
19:12daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
19:12daily nutrition. Now, of course, everyone should strive to eat nutritious whole foods.
19:16I certainly do that every day.
19:16I certainly do that every day.
19:16I certainly do that every day.
19:16I certainly do that every day.
19:16I certainly do that every day.
19:16I certainly do that every day.
19:17But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
19:17But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
19:17But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
19:17But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
19:17But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
19:17But I'm often asked, if you could take just one supplement, what would that supplement
19:21be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
19:21be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
19:21be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
19:21be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
19:21be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
19:21be? And my answer is always AG1, because it has just been oh so critical
19:26to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
19:26to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
19:26to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
19:26to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
19:26to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
19:26to supporting all aspects of my physical health, mental health, and performance.
19:30I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
19:30I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
19:30I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
19:30I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
19:30I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
19:30I know this from my own experience with AG1, and I continually hear this from
19:34other people who use AG1 daily.
19:34other people who use AG1 daily.
19:34other people who use AG1 daily.
19:34other people who use AG1 daily.
19:34other people who use AG1 daily.
19:34other people who use AG1 daily.
19:36If you would like to try AG1...
19:36If you would like to try AG1...
19:36If you would like to try AG1...
19:36If you would like to try AG1...
19:36If you would like to try AG1...
19:36If you would like to try AG1...
19:38You can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman to get a special offer.
19:38You can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman to get a special offer.
19:38You can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman to get a special offer.
19:38You can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman to get a special offer.
19:38You can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman to get a special offer.
19:38You can go to drinkag1 .com slash Huberman to get a special offer.
19:42For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
19:42For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
19:42For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
19:42For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
19:42For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
19:42For a limited time, AG1 is giving away six free travel packs of AG1 and
19:47a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
19:47a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
19:47a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
19:47a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
19:47a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
19:47a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
19:50Again, that's drinkag1 with the numeral one dot com slash Huberman to get six free
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19:50Again, that's drinkag1 with the numeral one dot com slash Huberman to get six free
19:50Again, that's drinkag1 with the numeral one dot com slash Huberman to get six free
19:50Again, that's drinkag1 with the numeral one dot com slash Huberman to get six free
19:55travel packs and a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
19:55travel packs and a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
19:55travel packs and a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
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19:55travel packs and a bottle of vitamin D3K2 with your subscription.
19:59So we've got brain circuits in songbirds and in humans that in many ways are
19:59So we've got brain circuits in songbirds and in humans that in many ways are
19:59So we've got brain circuits in songbirds and in humans that in many ways are
19:59So we've got brain circuits in songbirds and in humans that in many ways are
19:59So we've got brain circuits in songbirds and in humans that in many ways are
19:59So we've got brain circuits in songbirds and in humans that in many ways are
20:05similar, perhaps not in their exact wiring, but in their basic contour of wiring and
20:05similar, perhaps not in their exact wiring, but in their basic contour of wiring and
20:05similar, perhaps not in their exact wiring, but in their basic contour of wiring and
20:05similar, perhaps not in their exact wiring, but in their basic contour of wiring and
20:05similar, perhaps not in their exact wiring, but in their basic contour of wiring and
20:05similar, perhaps not in their exact wiring, but in their basic contour of wiring and
20:11genes that are expressed in both sets of neural circuits in very distinct species that
20:11genes that are expressed in both sets of neural circuits in very distinct species that
20:11genes that are expressed in both sets of neural circuits in very distinct species that
20:11genes that are expressed in both sets of neural circuits in very distinct species that
20:11genes that are expressed in both sets of neural circuits in very distinct species that
20:11genes that are expressed in both sets of neural circuits in very distinct species that
20:16are responsible for these phenomenon we're calling speech and language.
20:16are responsible for these phenomenon we're calling speech and language.
20:16are responsible for these phenomenon we're calling speech and language.
20:16are responsible for these phenomenon we're calling speech and language.
20:16are responsible for these phenomenon we're calling speech and language.
20:16are responsible for these phenomenon we're calling speech and language.
20:19I mean, what are these genes doing?
20:19I mean, what are these genes doing?
20:19I mean, what are these genes doing?
20:19I mean, what are these genes doing?
20:19I mean, what are these genes doing?
20:19I mean, what are these genes doing?
20:21One of the things that differ in the speech pathways of us and these song
20:21One of the things that differ in the speech pathways of us and these song
20:21One of the things that differ in the speech pathways of us and these song
20:21One of the things that differ in the speech pathways of us and these song
20:21One of the things that differ in the speech pathways of us and these song
20:21One of the things that differ in the speech pathways of us and these song
20:25pathways of birds is some of the connections are fundamentally different than the surrounding circuits.
20:25pathways of birds is some of the connections are fundamentally different than the surrounding circuits.
20:25pathways of birds is some of the connections are fundamentally different than the surrounding circuits.
20:25pathways of birds is some of the connections are fundamentally different than the surrounding circuits.
20:25pathways of birds is some of the connections are fundamentally different than the surrounding circuits.
20:25pathways of birds is some of the connections are fundamentally different than the surrounding circuits.
20:30Like a direct cortical connection from the areas that control vocalizations in the cortex to
20:30Like a direct cortical connection from the areas that control vocalizations in the cortex to
20:30Like a direct cortical connection from the areas that control vocalizations in the cortex to
20:30Like a direct cortical connection from the areas that control vocalizations in the cortex to
20:30Like a direct cortical connection from the areas that control vocalizations in the cortex to
20:30Like a direct cortical connection from the areas that control vocalizations in the cortex to
20:36the motor neurons that control the larynx in humans or the syrinx in birds.
20:36the motor neurons that control the larynx in humans or the syrinx in birds.
20:36the motor neurons that control the larynx in humans or the syrinx in birds.
20:36the motor neurons that control the larynx in humans or the syrinx in birds.
20:36the motor neurons that control the larynx in humans or the syrinx in birds.
20:36the motor neurons that control the larynx in humans or the syrinx in birds.
20:41And so we actually made a prediction that since some of these connections differ, we're
20:41And so we actually made a prediction that since some of these connections differ, we're
20:41And so we actually made a prediction that since some of these connections differ, we're
20:41And so we actually made a prediction that since some of these connections differ, we're
20:41And so we actually made a prediction that since some of these connections differ, we're
20:41And so we actually made a prediction that since some of these connections differ, we're
20:46going to find genes that control neural connectivity and that specialize in that function that
20:46going to find genes that control neural connectivity and that specialize in that function that
20:46going to find genes that control neural connectivity and that specialize in that function that
20:46going to find genes that control neural connectivity and that specialize in that function that
20:46going to find genes that control neural connectivity and that specialize in that function that
20:46going to find genes that control neural connectivity and that specialize in that function that
20:51differ. And that's exactly what we found.
20:51differ. And that's exactly what we found.
20:51differ. And that's exactly what we found.
20:51differ. And that's exactly what we found.
20:51differ. And that's exactly what we found.
20:51differ. And that's exactly what we found.
20:55Genes that control what we call axon guidance and form instant connections.
20:55Genes that control what we call axon guidance and form instant connections.
20:55Genes that control what we call axon guidance and form instant connections.
20:55Genes that control what we call axon guidance and form instant connections.
20:55Genes that control what we call axon guidance and form instant connections.
20:55Genes that control what we call axon guidance and form instant connections.
20:59And what was interesting, it was sort of in the opposite direction that we expected.
20:59And what was interesting, it was sort of in the opposite direction that we expected.
20:59And what was interesting, it was sort of in the opposite direction that we expected.
20:59And what was interesting, it was sort of in the opposite direction that we expected.
20:59And what was interesting, it was sort of in the opposite direction that we expected.
20:59And what was interesting, it was sort of in the opposite direction that we expected.
21:04That is, some of these genes, actually a number of them that control neural connectivity
21:04That is, some of these genes, actually a number of them that control neural connectivity
21:04That is, some of these genes, actually a number of them that control neural connectivity
21:04That is, some of these genes, actually a number of them that control neural connectivity
21:04That is, some of these genes, actually a number of them that control neural connectivity
21:04That is, some of these genes, actually a number of them that control neural connectivity
21:09were turned off in the speech circuit.
21:09were turned off in the speech circuit.
21:09were turned off in the speech circuit.
21:09were turned off in the speech circuit.
21:09were turned off in the speech circuit.
21:09were turned off in the speech circuit.
21:12All right. And it didn't make sense to us at first and so we started
21:12All right. And it didn't make sense to us at first and so we started
21:12All right. And it didn't make sense to us at first and so we started
21:12All right. And it didn't make sense to us at first and so we started
21:12All right. And it didn't make sense to us at first and so we started
21:12All right. And it didn't make sense to us at first and so we started
21:16to realize the function of these genes are to repel connections from forming.
21:16to realize the function of these genes are to repel connections from forming.
21:16to realize the function of these genes are to repel connections from forming.
21:16to realize the function of these genes are to repel connections from forming.
21:16to realize the function of these genes are to repel connections from forming.
21:16to realize the function of these genes are to repel connections from forming.
21:20So repulsive molecules. And so when you turn them off, they allow certain connections to
21:20So repulsive molecules. And so when you turn them off, they allow certain connections to
21:20So repulsive molecules. And so when you turn them off, they allow certain connections to
21:20So repulsive molecules. And so when you turn them off, they allow certain connections to
21:20So repulsive molecules. And so when you turn them off, they allow certain connections to
21:20So repulsive molecules. And so when you turn them off, they allow certain connections to
21:26form that normally would have not formed.
21:26form that normally would have not formed.
21:26form that normally would have not formed.
21:26form that normally would have not formed.
21:26form that normally would have not formed.
21:26form that normally would have not formed.
21:28So by turning them off, you got to gain a function for speech, right?
21:28So by turning them off, you got to gain a function for speech, right?
21:28So by turning them off, you got to gain a function for speech, right?
21:28So by turning them off, you got to gain a function for speech, right?
21:28So by turning them off, you got to gain a function for speech, right?
21:28So by turning them off, you got to gain a function for speech, right?
21:33Other genes that surprised us were genes involved in calcium buffering, neural protection, like a
21:33Other genes that surprised us were genes involved in calcium buffering, neural protection, like a
21:33Other genes that surprised us were genes involved in calcium buffering, neural protection, like a
21:33Other genes that surprised us were genes involved in calcium buffering, neural protection, like a
21:33Other genes that surprised us were genes involved in calcium buffering, neural protection, like a
21:33Other genes that surprised us were genes involved in calcium buffering, neural protection, like a
21:40parvalvamine or a heat shock protein.
21:40parvalvamine or a heat shock protein.
21:40parvalvamine or a heat shock protein.
21:40parvalvamine or a heat shock protein.
21:40parvalvamine or a heat shock protein.
21:40parvalvamine or a heat shock protein.
21:42So when your brain gets hot, these proteins turn on.
21:42So when your brain gets hot, these proteins turn on.
21:42So when your brain gets hot, these proteins turn on.
21:42So when your brain gets hot, these proteins turn on.
21:42So when your brain gets hot, these proteins turn on.
21:42So when your brain gets hot, these proteins turn on.
21:45And we couldn't figure out for a long time, why is that the case?
21:45And we couldn't figure out for a long time, why is that the case?
21:45And we couldn't figure out for a long time, why is that the case?
21:45And we couldn't figure out for a long time, why is that the case?
21:45And we couldn't figure out for a long time, why is that the case?
21:45And we couldn't figure out for a long time, why is that the case?
21:48Having this knowledge is... You know...
21:48Having this knowledge is... You know...
21:48Having this knowledge is... You know...
21:48Having this knowledge is... You know...
21:48Having this knowledge is... You know...
21:48Having this knowledge is... You know...
21:49And then the idea popped to me one day and said, ah, when I heard
21:49And then the idea popped to me one day and said, ah, when I heard
21:49And then the idea popped to me one day and said, ah, when I heard
21:49And then the idea popped to me one day and said, ah, when I heard
21:49And then the idea popped to me one day and said, ah, when I heard
21:49And then the idea popped to me one day and said, ah, when I heard
21:53the larynx is the fastest firing muscles in the body, all right?
21:53the larynx is the fastest firing muscles in the body, all right?
21:53the larynx is the fastest firing muscles in the body, all right?
21:53the larynx is the fastest firing muscles in the body, all right?
21:53the larynx is the fastest firing muscles in the body, all right?
21:53the larynx is the fastest firing muscles in the body, all right?
21:57In order to vibrate sound and modulate sound in the way we do, you have
21:57In order to vibrate sound and modulate sound in the way we do, you have
21:57In order to vibrate sound and modulate sound in the way we do, you have
21:57In order to vibrate sound and modulate sound in the way we do, you have
21:57In order to vibrate sound and modulate sound in the way we do, you have
21:57In order to vibrate sound and modulate sound in the way we do, you have
22:03to control, you have to move those muscles, you know, three to four to five
22:03to control, you have to move those muscles, you know, three to four to five
22:03to control, you have to move those muscles, you know, three to four to five
22:03to control, you have to move those muscles, you know, three to four to five
22:03to control, you have to move those muscles, you know, three to four to five
22:03to control, you have to move those muscles, you know, three to four to five
22:08times faster than just regular walking or running.
22:08times faster than just regular walking or running.
22:08times faster than just regular walking or running.
22:08times faster than just regular walking or running.
22:08times faster than just regular walking or running.
22:08times faster than just regular walking or running.
22:10And so when you stick electrodes in the brain areas that control laryngeal vocalizations in
22:10And so when you stick electrodes in the brain areas that control laryngeal vocalizations in
22:10And so when you stick electrodes in the brain areas that control laryngeal vocalizations in
22:10And so when you stick electrodes in the brain areas that control laryngeal vocalizations in
22:10And so when you stick electrodes in the brain areas that control laryngeal vocalizations in
22:10And so when you stick electrodes in the brain areas that control laryngeal vocalizations in
22:18these birds and I think in humans as well, those neurons are firing at a
22:18these birds and I think in humans as well, those neurons are firing at a
22:18these birds and I think in humans as well, those neurons are firing at a
22:18these birds and I think in humans as well, those neurons are firing at a
22:18these birds and I think in humans as well, those neurons are firing at a
22:18these birds and I think in humans as well, those neurons are firing at a
22:22higher rate to control these muscles.
22:22higher rate to control these muscles.
22:22higher rate to control these muscles.
22:22higher rate to control these muscles.
22:22higher rate to control these muscles.
22:22higher rate to control these muscles.
22:24And so what is that going to do?
22:24And so what is that going to do?
22:24And so what is that going to do?
22:24And so what is that going to do?
22:24And so what is that going to do?
22:24And so what is that going to do?
22:26You're going to have lots of toxicity in those neurons unless you upregulate molecules that
22:26You're going to have lots of toxicity in those neurons unless you upregulate molecules that
22:26You're going to have lots of toxicity in those neurons unless you upregulate molecules that
22:26You're going to have lots of toxicity in those neurons unless you upregulate molecules that
22:26You're going to have lots of toxicity in those neurons unless you upregulate molecules that
22:26You're going to have lots of toxicity in those neurons unless you upregulate molecules that
22:31take out the extra load that is needed to control the larynx.
22:31take out the extra load that is needed to control the larynx.
22:31take out the extra load that is needed to control the larynx.
22:31take out the extra load that is needed to control the larynx.
22:31take out the extra load that is needed to control the larynx.
22:31take out the extra load that is needed to control the larynx.
22:37And then finally, a third set of genes that are specialized in these speech circuits
22:37And then finally, a third set of genes that are specialized in these speech circuits
22:37And then finally, a third set of genes that are specialized in these speech circuits
22:37And then finally, a third set of genes that are specialized in these speech circuits
22:37And then finally, a third set of genes that are specialized in these speech circuits
22:37And then finally, a third set of genes that are specialized in these speech circuits
22:41are involved in neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity meaning allowing the brain circuits to be more flexible so
22:41are involved in neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity meaning allowing the brain circuits to be more flexible so
22:41are involved in neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity meaning allowing the brain circuits to be more flexible so
22:41are involved in neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity meaning allowing the brain circuits to be more flexible so
22:41are involved in neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity meaning allowing the brain circuits to be more flexible so
22:41are involved in neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity meaning allowing the brain circuits to be more flexible so
22:50you can learn better. And why is that?
22:50you can learn better. And why is that?
22:50you can learn better. And why is that?
22:50you can learn better. And why is that?
22:50you can learn better. And why is that?
22:50you can learn better. And why is that?
22:53I think learning how to produce speech is a more complex learning ability than, say,
22:53I think learning how to produce speech is a more complex learning ability than, say,
22:53I think learning how to produce speech is a more complex learning ability than, say,
22:53I think learning how to produce speech is a more complex learning ability than, say,
22:53I think learning how to produce speech is a more complex learning ability than, say,
22:53I think learning how to produce speech is a more complex learning ability than, say,
22:59learning how to walk or learning how to do tricks and jumps and so forth
22:59learning how to walk or learning how to do tricks and jumps and so forth
22:59learning how to walk or learning how to do tricks and jumps and so forth
22:59learning how to walk or learning how to do tricks and jumps and so forth
22:59learning how to walk or learning how to do tricks and jumps and so forth
22:59learning how to walk or learning how to do tricks and jumps and so forth
23:04that dogs do. In terms of plasticity of speech and the ability to learn multiple
23:04that dogs do. In terms of plasticity of speech and the ability to learn multiple
23:04that dogs do. In terms of plasticity of speech and the ability to learn multiple
23:04that dogs do. In terms of plasticity of speech and the ability to learn multiple
23:04that dogs do. In terms of plasticity of speech and the ability to learn multiple
23:04that dogs do. In terms of plasticity of speech and the ability to learn multiple
23:09languages, but even just one language, what's going on in the so -called critical period?
23:09languages, but even just one language, what's going on in the so -called critical period?
23:09languages, but even just one language, what's going on in the so -called critical period?
23:09languages, but even just one language, what's going on in the so -called critical period?
23:09languages, but even just one language, what's going on in the so -called critical period?
23:09languages, but even just one language, what's going on in the so -called critical period?
23:14And then the second question is, if one can already speak more than one language
23:14And then the second question is, if one can already speak more than one language
23:14And then the second question is, if one can already speak more than one language
23:14And then the second question is, if one can already speak more than one language
23:14And then the second question is, if one can already speak more than one language
23:14And then the second question is, if one can already speak more than one language
23:18as a consequence of childhood learning, is it easier to acquire new languages later on?
23:18as a consequence of childhood learning, is it easier to acquire new languages later on?
23:18as a consequence of childhood learning, is it easier to acquire new languages later on?
23:18as a consequence of childhood learning, is it easier to acquire new languages later on?
23:18as a consequence of childhood learning, is it easier to acquire new languages later on?
23:18as a consequence of childhood learning, is it easier to acquire new languages later on?
23:24Actually, the entire brain is undergoing a critical period development, not just the speech pathways.
23:24Actually, the entire brain is undergoing a critical period development, not just the speech pathways.
23:24Actually, the entire brain is undergoing a critical period development, not just the speech pathways.
23:24Actually, the entire brain is undergoing a critical period development, not just the speech pathways.
23:24Actually, the entire brain is undergoing a critical period development, not just the speech pathways.
23:24Actually, the entire brain is undergoing a critical period development, not just the speech pathways.
23:30And so it's easier to learn how to play a piano.
23:30And so it's easier to learn how to play a piano.
23:30And so it's easier to learn how to play a piano.
23:30And so it's easier to learn how to play a piano.
23:30And so it's easier to learn how to play a piano.
23:30And so it's easier to learn how to play a piano.
23:34It's easier to learn how to ride a bike for the first time and so
23:34It's easier to learn how to ride a bike for the first time and so
23:34It's easier to learn how to ride a bike for the first time and so
23:34It's easier to learn how to ride a bike for the first time and so
23:34It's easier to learn how to ride a bike for the first time and so
23:34It's easier to learn how to ride a bike for the first time and so
23:37forth as a young child than it is later in life.
23:37forth as a young child than it is later in life.
23:37forth as a young child than it is later in life.
23:37forth as a young child than it is later in life.
23:37forth as a young child than it is later in life.
23:37forth as a young child than it is later in life.
23:41The brain can only hold so much information.
23:41The brain can only hold so much information.
23:41The brain can only hold so much information.
23:41The brain can only hold so much information.
23:41The brain can only hold so much information.
23:41The brain can only hold so much information.
23:44And if you are undergoing rapid learning to learn to acquire new knowledge, you also
23:44And if you are undergoing rapid learning to learn to acquire new knowledge, you also
23:44And if you are undergoing rapid learning to learn to acquire new knowledge, you also
23:44And if you are undergoing rapid learning to learn to acquire new knowledge, you also
23:44And if you are undergoing rapid learning to learn to acquire new knowledge, you also
23:44And if you are undergoing rapid learning to learn to acquire new knowledge, you also
23:50have to put memory or information in the trash, like in a computer.
23:50have to put memory or information in the trash, like in a computer.
23:50have to put memory or information in the trash, like in a computer.
23:50have to put memory or information in the trash, like in a computer.
23:50have to put memory or information in the trash, like in a computer.
23:50have to put memory or information in the trash, like in a computer.
23:54You only have so many gigabases of memory.
23:54You only have so many gigabases of memory.
23:54You only have so many gigabases of memory.
23:54You only have so many gigabases of memory.
23:54You only have so many gigabases of memory.
23:54You only have so many gigabases of memory.
23:57Plus, also for survival, you don't want to keep...
23:57Plus, also for survival, you don't want to keep...
23:57Plus, also for survival, you don't want to keep...
23:57Plus, also for survival, you don't want to keep...
23:57Plus, also for survival, you don't want to keep...
23:57Plus, also for survival, you don't want to keep...
24:00forgetting things. And so the brain is designed, I believe, to undergo this critical period
24:00forgetting things. And so the brain is designed, I believe, to undergo this critical period
24:00forgetting things. And so the brain is designed, I believe, to undergo this critical period
24:00forgetting things. And so the brain is designed, I believe, to undergo this critical period
24:00forgetting things. And so the brain is designed, I believe, to undergo this critical period
24:00forgetting things. And so the brain is designed, I believe, to undergo this critical period
24:07and solidify the circuits with what you learned as a child and you use that
24:07and solidify the circuits with what you learned as a child and you use that
24:07and solidify the circuits with what you learned as a child and you use that
24:07and solidify the circuits with what you learned as a child and you use that
24:07and solidify the circuits with what you learned as a child and you use that
24:07and solidify the circuits with what you learned as a child and you use that
24:12for the rest of your life.
24:12for the rest of your life.
24:12for the rest of your life.
24:12for the rest of your life.
24:12for the rest of your life.
24:12for the rest of your life.
24:13And now the question you asked about if you learn more languages as a child,
24:13And now the question you asked about if you learn more languages as a child,
24:13And now the question you asked about if you learn more languages as a child,
24:13And now the question you asked about if you learn more languages as a child,
24:13And now the question you asked about if you learn more languages as a child,
24:13And now the question you asked about if you learn more languages as a child,
24:19is it easier to learn as an adult?
24:19is it easier to learn as an adult?
24:19is it easier to learn as an adult?
24:19is it easier to learn as an adult?
24:19is it easier to learn as an adult?
24:19is it easier to learn as an adult?
24:21And that's a common finding out there in the literature.
24:21And that's a common finding out there in the literature.
24:21And that's a common finding out there in the literature.
24:21And that's a common finding out there in the literature.
24:21And that's a common finding out there in the literature.
24:21And that's a common finding out there in the literature.
24:24There are some that argue against it.
24:24There are some that argue against it.
24:24There are some that argue against it.
24:24There are some that argue against it.
24:24There are some that argue against it.
24:24There are some that argue against it.
24:25But for those that support it, the idea there is you are born with a
24:25But for those that support it, the idea there is you are born with a
24:25But for those that support it, the idea there is you are born with a
24:25But for those that support it, the idea there is you are born with a
24:25But for those that support it, the idea there is you are born with a
24:25But for those that support it, the idea there is you are born with a
24:31set of innate sounds you can produce of phonemes and you narrow that down because
24:31set of innate sounds you can produce of phonemes and you narrow that down because
24:31set of innate sounds you can produce of phonemes and you narrow that down because
24:31set of innate sounds you can produce of phonemes and you narrow that down because
24:31set of innate sounds you can produce of phonemes and you narrow that down because
24:31set of innate sounds you can produce of phonemes and you narrow that down because
24:36not all languages use all of them.
24:36not all languages use all of them.
24:36not all languages use all of them.
24:36not all languages use all of them.
24:36not all languages use all of them.
24:36not all languages use all of them.
24:38And so you narrow down the ones you use to string the phonemes together in
24:38And so you narrow down the ones you use to string the phonemes together in
24:38And so you narrow down the ones you use to string the phonemes together in
24:38And so you narrow down the ones you use to string the phonemes together in
24:38And so you narrow down the ones you use to string the phonemes together in
24:38And so you narrow down the ones you use to string the phonemes together in
24:42the words that you learn and you maintain those phonemes as an adult.
24:42the words that you learn and you maintain those phonemes as an adult.
24:42the words that you learn and you maintain those phonemes as an adult.
24:42the words that you learn and you maintain those phonemes as an adult.
24:42the words that you learn and you maintain those phonemes as an adult.
24:42the words that you learn and you maintain those phonemes as an adult.
24:47And here comes along another language that's using those phonemes or in different combinations you're
24:47And here comes along another language that's using those phonemes or in different combinations you're
24:47And here comes along another language that's using those phonemes or in different combinations you're
24:47And here comes along another language that's using those phonemes or in different combinations you're
24:47And here comes along another language that's using those phonemes or in different combinations you're
24:47And here comes along another language that's using those phonemes or in different combinations you're
24:52not used to. And therefore it's like starting from first principles.
24:52not used to. And therefore it's like starting from first principles.
24:52not used to. And therefore it's like starting from first principles.
24:52not used to. And therefore it's like starting from first principles.
24:52not used to. And therefore it's like starting from first principles.
24:52not used to. And therefore it's like starting from first principles.
24:57But if you already have them in multiple languages that you're using, then it makes
24:57But if you already have them in multiple languages that you're using, then it makes
24:57But if you already have them in multiple languages that you're using, then it makes
24:57But if you already have them in multiple languages that you're using, then it makes
24:57But if you already have them in multiple languages that you're using, then it makes
24:57But if you already have them in multiple languages that you're using, then it makes
25:01it easier to use them in another third or fourth language.
25:01it easier to use them in another third or fourth language.
25:01it easier to use them in another third or fourth language.
25:01it easier to use them in another third or fourth language.
25:01it easier to use them in another third or fourth language.
25:01it easier to use them in another third or fourth language.
25:04So it's not like your brain has maintained greater plasticity.
25:04So it's not like your brain has maintained greater plasticity.
25:04So it's not like your brain has maintained greater plasticity.
25:04So it's not like your brain has maintained greater plasticity.
25:04So it's not like your brain has maintained greater plasticity.
25:04So it's not like your brain has maintained greater plasticity.
25:09Your brain has maintained greater ability to produce different sounds that then allows you to
25:09Your brain has maintained greater ability to produce different sounds that then allows you to
25:09Your brain has maintained greater ability to produce different sounds that then allows you to
25:09Your brain has maintained greater ability to produce different sounds that then allows you to
25:09Your brain has maintained greater ability to produce different sounds that then allows you to
25:09Your brain has maintained greater ability to produce different sounds that then allows you to
25:15learn another language faster. What about modes of speech and language that seem to have
25:15learn another language faster. What about modes of speech and language that seem to have
25:15learn another language faster. What about modes of speech and language that seem to have
25:15learn another language faster. What about modes of speech and language that seem to have
25:15learn another language faster. What about modes of speech and language that seem to have
25:15learn another language faster. What about modes of speech and language that seem to have
25:19a depth of emotionality and meaning, but for which it departs from structured language?
25:19a depth of emotionality and meaning, but for which it departs from structured language?
25:19a depth of emotionality and meaning, but for which it departs from structured language?
25:19a depth of emotionality and meaning, but for which it departs from structured language?
25:19a depth of emotionality and meaning, but for which it departs from structured language?
25:19a depth of emotionality and meaning, but for which it departs from structured language?
25:26I think of musicians, like there are some Bob Dylan songs that to me, I
25:26I think of musicians, like there are some Bob Dylan songs that to me, I
25:26I think of musicians, like there are some Bob Dylan songs that to me, I
25:26I think of musicians, like there are some Bob Dylan songs that to me, I
25:26I think of musicians, like there are some Bob Dylan songs that to me, I
25:26I think of musicians, like there are some Bob Dylan songs that to me, I
25:30understand the individual words. I like to think there's an emotion associated with it.
25:30understand the individual words. I like to think there's an emotion associated with it.
25:30understand the individual words. I like to think there's an emotion associated with it.
25:30understand the individual words. I like to think there's an emotion associated with it.
25:30understand the individual words. I like to think there's an emotion associated with it.
25:30understand the individual words. I like to think there's an emotion associated with it.
25:36At least I experienced some sort of emotion and I have a guess about what
25:36At least I experienced some sort of emotion and I have a guess about what
25:36At least I experienced some sort of emotion and I have a guess about what
25:36At least I experienced some sort of emotion and I have a guess about what
25:36At least I experienced some sort of emotion and I have a guess about what
25:36At least I experienced some sort of emotion and I have a guess about what
25:39he was experiencing. But if I were to just read it linearly without the music
25:39he was experiencing. But if I were to just read it linearly without the music
25:39he was experiencing. But if I were to just read it linearly without the music
25:39he was experiencing. But if I were to just read it linearly without the music
25:39he was experiencing. But if I were to just read it linearly without the music
25:39he was experiencing. But if I were to just read it linearly without the music
25:45and without him singing it or somebody singing it like him, it wouldn't hold any
25:45and without him singing it or somebody singing it like him, it wouldn't hold any
25:45and without him singing it or somebody singing it like him, it wouldn't hold any
25:45and without him singing it or somebody singing it like him, it wouldn't hold any
25:45and without him singing it or somebody singing it like him, it wouldn't hold any
25:45and without him singing it or somebody singing it like him, it wouldn't hold any
25:49meaning. So in other words, words that seem to have meaning, but not associated with
25:49meaning. So in other words, words that seem to have meaning, but not associated with
25:49meaning. So in other words, words that seem to have meaning, but not associated with
25:49meaning. So in other words, words that seem to have meaning, but not associated with
25:49meaning. So in other words, words that seem to have meaning, but not associated with
25:49meaning. So in other words, words that seem to have meaning, but not associated with
25:55language, but somehow tap into an emotionality.
25:55language, but somehow tap into an emotionality.
25:55language, but somehow tap into an emotionality.
25:55language, but somehow tap into an emotionality.
25:55language, but somehow tap into an emotionality.
25:55language, but somehow tap into an emotionality.
25:58Absolutely. So we call this difference semantic communication, communication with meaning, and effective communication, communication
25:58Absolutely. So we call this difference semantic communication, communication with meaning, and effective communication, communication
25:58Absolutely. So we call this difference semantic communication, communication with meaning, and effective communication, communication
25:58Absolutely. So we call this difference semantic communication, communication with meaning, and effective communication, communication
25:58Absolutely. So we call this difference semantic communication, communication with meaning, and effective communication, communication
25:58Absolutely. So we call this difference semantic communication, communication with meaning, and effective communication, communication
26:08that has more of an emotional...
26:08that has more of an emotional...
26:08that has more of an emotional...
26:08that has more of an emotional...
26:08that has more of an emotional...
26:08that has more of an emotional...
26:11I invite you to hold on...
26:11I invite you to hold on...
26:11I invite you to hold on...
26:11I invite you to hold on...
26:11I invite you to hold on...
26:11I invite you to hold on...
26:11through one thing through their någotion strategy.
26:11through one thing through their någotion strategy.
26:11through one thing through their någotion strategy.
26:11through one thing through their någotion strategy.
26:11through one thing through their någotion strategy.
26:11through one thing through their någotion strategy.
26:11Many changes are called, and that there can be kept it, But instead, like children
26:11Many changes are called, and that there can be kept it, But instead, like children
26:11Many changes are called, and that there can be kept it, But instead, like children
26:11Many changes are called, and that there can be kept it, But instead, like children
26:11Many changes are called, and that there can be kept it, But instead, like children
26:11Many changes are called, and that there can be kept it, But instead, like children
26:11are an untENT, feeling content to it.
26:11are an untENT, feeling content to it.
26:11are an untENT, feeling content to it.
26:11are an untENT, feeling content to it.
26:11are an untENT, feeling content to it.
26:11are an untENT, feeling content to it.
26:13I believe, you know, based upon imaging work and work we see in birds, when
26:13I believe, you know, based upon imaging work and work we see in birds, when
26:13I believe, you know, based upon imaging work and work we see in birds, when
26:13I believe, you know, based upon imaging work and work we see in birds, when
26:13I believe, you know, based upon imaging work and work we see in birds, when
26:13I believe, you know, based upon imaging work and work we see in birds, when
26:18birds are communicating semantic information in their sounds, which is not too often, but it
26:18birds are communicating semantic information in their sounds, which is not too often, but it
26:18birds are communicating semantic information in their sounds, which is not too often, but it
26:18birds are communicating semantic information in their sounds, which is not too often, but it
26:18birds are communicating semantic information in their sounds, which is not too often, but it
26:18birds are communicating semantic information in their sounds, which is not too often, but it
26:23happens, versus effective communication, sing because I'm trying to attract the mate, my courtship song,
26:23happens, versus effective communication, sing because I'm trying to attract the mate, my courtship song,
26:23happens, versus effective communication, sing because I'm trying to attract the mate, my courtship song,
26:23happens, versus effective communication, sing because I'm trying to attract the mate, my courtship song,
26:23happens, versus effective communication, sing because I'm trying to attract the mate, my courtship song,
26:23happens, versus effective communication, sing because I'm trying to attract the mate, my courtship song,
26:30or defend my territory, it's the same brain circuits.
26:30or defend my territory, it's the same brain circuits.
26:30or defend my territory, it's the same brain circuits.
26:30or defend my territory, it's the same brain circuits.
26:30or defend my territory, it's the same brain circuits.
26:30or defend my territory, it's the same brain circuits.
26:33It's the same speech -like or song circuits are being used in different ways.
26:33It's the same speech -like or song circuits are being used in different ways.
26:33It's the same speech -like or song circuits are being used in different ways.
26:33It's the same speech -like or song circuits are being used in different ways.
26:33It's the same speech -like or song circuits are being used in different ways.
26:33It's the same speech -like or song circuits are being used in different ways.
26:37There's several other points here I think it's important for those listening out there to
26:37There's several other points here I think it's important for those listening out there to
26:37There's several other points here I think it's important for those listening out there to
26:37There's several other points here I think it's important for those listening out there to
26:37There's several other points here I think it's important for those listening out there to
26:37There's several other points here I think it's important for those listening out there to
26:42hear, is that when I say also this effective and semantic communication being used by
26:42hear, is that when I say also this effective and semantic communication being used by
26:42hear, is that when I say also this effective and semantic communication being used by
26:42hear, is that when I say also this effective and semantic communication being used by
26:42hear, is that when I say also this effective and semantic communication being used by
26:42hear, is that when I say also this effective and semantic communication being used by
26:50similar brain circuits, it also matters the side of the brain.
26:50similar brain circuits, it also matters the side of the brain.
26:50similar brain circuits, it also matters the side of the brain.
26:50similar brain circuits, it also matters the side of the brain.
26:50similar brain circuits, it also matters the side of the brain.
26:50similar brain circuits, it also matters the side of the brain.
26:53In birds and in humans, there's left -right dominance for learned communication, learned sound communication.
26:53In birds and in humans, there's left -right dominance for learned communication, learned sound communication.
26:53In birds and in humans, there's left -right dominance for learned communication, learned sound communication.
26:53In birds and in humans, there's left -right dominance for learned communication, learned sound communication.
26:53In birds and in humans, there's left -right dominance for learned communication, learned sound communication.
26:53In birds and in humans, there's left -right dominance for learned communication, learned sound communication.
27:03So the left in us humans is more dominant for speech, but the right has
27:03So the left in us humans is more dominant for speech, but the right has
27:03So the left in us humans is more dominant for speech, but the right has
27:03So the left in us humans is more dominant for speech, but the right has
27:03So the left in us humans is more dominant for speech, but the right has
27:03So the left in us humans is more dominant for speech, but the right has
27:09a more balance for singing or processing musical sounds as opposed to processing speech.
27:09a more balance for singing or processing musical sounds as opposed to processing speech.
27:09a more balance for singing or processing musical sounds as opposed to processing speech.
27:09a more balance for singing or processing musical sounds as opposed to processing speech.
27:09a more balance for singing or processing musical sounds as opposed to processing speech.
27:09a more balance for singing or processing musical sounds as opposed to processing speech.
27:15Both get used for both reasons.
27:15Both get used for both reasons.
27:15Both get used for both reasons.
27:15Both get used for both reasons.
27:15Both get used for both reasons.
27:15Both get used for both reasons.
27:17And so when people say your right brain is your artistic brain, and your left
27:17And so when people say your right brain is your artistic brain, and your left
27:17And so when people say your right brain is your artistic brain, and your left
27:17And so when people say your right brain is your artistic brain, and your left
27:17And so when people say your right brain is your artistic brain, and your left
27:17And so when people say your right brain is your artistic brain, and your left
27:22brain is your thinking brain, this is what they're referring to.
27:22brain is your thinking brain, this is what they're referring to.
27:22brain is your thinking brain, this is what they're referring to.
27:22brain is your thinking brain, this is what they're referring to.
27:22brain is your thinking brain, this is what they're referring to.
27:22brain is your thinking brain, this is what they're referring to.
27:26And so that's another distinction.
27:26And so that's another distinction.
27:26And so that's another distinction.
27:26And so that's another distinction.
27:26And so that's another distinction.
27:26And so that's another distinction.
27:28The second thing that's useful to know is that all vocal learning species use their
27:28The second thing that's useful to know is that all vocal learning species use their
27:28The second thing that's useful to know is that all vocal learning species use their
27:28The second thing that's useful to know is that all vocal learning species use their
27:28The second thing that's useful to know is that all vocal learning species use their
27:28The second thing that's useful to know is that all vocal learning species use their
27:34learned sounds for this emotional, effective kind of communication, but only a few of them,
27:34learned sounds for this emotional, effective kind of communication, but only a few of them,
27:34learned sounds for this emotional, effective kind of communication, but only a few of them,
27:34learned sounds for this emotional, effective kind of communication, but only a few of them,
27:34learned sounds for this emotional, effective kind of communication, but only a few of them,
27:34learned sounds for this emotional, effective kind of communication, but only a few of them,
27:42like humans and some parrots and dolphins, use it for the semantic kind of communication
27:42like humans and some parrots and dolphins, use it for the semantic kind of communication
27:42like humans and some parrots and dolphins, use it for the semantic kind of communication
27:42like humans and some parrots and dolphins, use it for the semantic kind of communication
27:42like humans and some parrots and dolphins, use it for the semantic kind of communication
27:42like humans and some parrots and dolphins, use it for the semantic kind of communication
27:47we're calling speech. And that has led a number of people to hypothesize that the
27:47we're calling speech. And that has led a number of people to hypothesize that the
27:47we're calling speech. And that has led a number of people to hypothesize that the
27:47we're calling speech. And that has led a number of people to hypothesize that the
27:47we're calling speech. And that has led a number of people to hypothesize that the
27:47we're calling speech. And that has led a number of people to hypothesize that the
27:54evolution of spoken language of speech evolved first for singing, for this more like emotional
27:54evolution of spoken language of speech evolved first for singing, for this more like emotional
27:54evolution of spoken language of speech evolved first for singing, for this more like emotional
27:54evolution of spoken language of speech evolved first for singing, for this more like emotional
27:54evolution of spoken language of speech evolved first for singing, for this more like emotional
27:54evolution of spoken language of speech evolved first for singing, for this more like emotional
28:01kind of main attraction, like the Jennifer Lopez, the Ricky Martin kind of songs and
28:01kind of main attraction, like the Jennifer Lopez, the Ricky Martin kind of songs and
28:01kind of main attraction, like the Jennifer Lopez, the Ricky Martin kind of songs and
28:01kind of main attraction, like the Jennifer Lopez, the Ricky Martin kind of songs and
28:01kind of main attraction, like the Jennifer Lopez, the Ricky Martin kind of songs and
28:01kind of main attraction, like the Jennifer Lopez, the Ricky Martin kind of songs and
28:06so forth. And then later on, it became used for abstract communication like we're doing
28:06so forth. And then later on, it became used for abstract communication like we're doing
28:06so forth. And then later on, it became used for abstract communication like we're doing
28:06so forth. And then later on, it became used for abstract communication like we're doing
28:06so forth. And then later on, it became used for abstract communication like we're doing
28:06so forth. And then later on, it became used for abstract communication like we're doing
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29:31I'd love to chat a moment about facial expression, many of which are subconscious.
29:31I'd love to chat a moment about facial expression, many of which are subconscious.
29:31I'd love to chat a moment about facial expression, many of which are subconscious.
29:31I'd love to chat a moment about facial expression, many of which are subconscious.
29:31I'd love to chat a moment about facial expression, many of which are subconscious.
29:31I'd love to chat a moment about facial expression, many of which are subconscious.
29:36We are all familiar with the fact that when what somebody says doesn't match some
29:36We are all familiar with the fact that when what somebody says doesn't match some
29:36We are all familiar with the fact that when what somebody says doesn't match some
29:36We are all familiar with the fact that when what somebody says doesn't match some
29:36We are all familiar with the fact that when what somebody says doesn't match some
29:36We are all familiar with the fact that when what somebody says doesn't match some
29:41specific feature of their facial expression, that it can call, you know, that mismatch can
29:41specific feature of their facial expression, that it can call, you know, that mismatch can
29:41specific feature of their facial expression, that it can call, you know, that mismatch can
29:41specific feature of their facial expression, that it can call, you know, that mismatch can
29:41specific feature of their facial expression, that it can call, you know, that mismatch can
29:41specific feature of their facial expression, that it can call, you know, that mismatch can
29:47cue our attention. Yeah. So how does motor circuitry that controls facial expression map onto
29:47cue our attention. Yeah. So how does motor circuitry that controls facial expression map onto
29:47cue our attention. Yeah. So how does motor circuitry that controls facial expression map onto
29:47cue our attention. Yeah. So how does motor circuitry that controls facial expression map onto
29:47cue our attention. Yeah. So how does motor circuitry that controls facial expression map onto
29:47cue our attention. Yeah. So how does motor circuitry that controls facial expression map onto
29:54the brain circuits that control language, speech, and even bodily and hand movements?
29:54the brain circuits that control language, speech, and even bodily and hand movements?
29:54the brain circuits that control language, speech, and even bodily and hand movements?
29:54the brain circuits that control language, speech, and even bodily and hand movements?
29:54the brain circuits that control language, speech, and even bodily and hand movements?
29:54the brain circuits that control language, speech, and even bodily and hand movements?
29:59Yeah. And you ask a great question because we both know some colleagues like Winrich
29:59Yeah. And you ask a great question because we both know some colleagues like Winrich
29:59Yeah. And you ask a great question because we both know some colleagues like Winrich
29:59Yeah. And you ask a great question because we both know some colleagues like Winrich
29:59Yeah. And you ask a great question because we both know some colleagues like Winrich
29:59Yeah. And you ask a great question because we both know some colleagues like Winrich
30:03Frywald at Rockefeller University who study facial expression and the neurobiology behind it.
30:03Frywald at Rockefeller University who study facial expression and the neurobiology behind it.
30:03Frywald at Rockefeller University who study facial expression and the neurobiology behind it.
30:03Frywald at Rockefeller University who study facial expression and the neurobiology behind it.
30:03Frywald at Rockefeller University who study facial expression and the neurobiology behind it.
30:03Frywald at Rockefeller University who study facial expression and the neurobiology behind it.
30:08Non -human primates have a lot of diversity in their facial expression like we humans
30:08Non -human primates have a lot of diversity in their facial expression like we humans
30:08Non -human primates have a lot of diversity in their facial expression like we humans
30:08Non -human primates have a lot of diversity in their facial expression like we humans
30:08Non -human primates have a lot of diversity in their facial expression like we humans
30:08Non -human primates have a lot of diversity in their facial expression like we humans
30:13do. And what we know about the neurobiology of brain regions controlling those muscles of
30:13do. And what we know about the neurobiology of brain regions controlling those muscles of
30:13do. And what we know about the neurobiology of brain regions controlling those muscles of
30:13do. And what we know about the neurobiology of brain regions controlling those muscles of
30:13do. And what we know about the neurobiology of brain regions controlling those muscles of
30:13do. And what we know about the neurobiology of brain regions controlling those muscles of
30:19the face is that these non -human primates and some other species that don't learn
30:19the face is that these non -human primates and some other species that don't learn
30:19the face is that these non -human primates and some other species that don't learn
30:19the face is that these non -human primates and some other species that don't learn
30:19the face is that these non -human primates and some other species that don't learn
30:19the face is that these non -human primates and some other species that don't learn
30:23how to imitate vocalizations, they have strong connections from the cortical regions to the motor
30:23how to imitate vocalizations, they have strong connections from the cortical regions to the motor
30:23how to imitate vocalizations, they have strong connections from the cortical regions to the motor
30:23how to imitate vocalizations, they have strong connections from the cortical regions to the motor
30:23how to imitate vocalizations, they have strong connections from the cortical regions to the motor
30:23how to imitate vocalizations, they have strong connections from the cortical regions to the motor
30:31neurons that control facial expressions.
30:31neurons that control facial expressions.
30:31neurons that control facial expressions.
30:31neurons that control facial expressions.
30:31neurons that control facial expressions.
30:31neurons that control facial expressions.
30:33So let's see. We'll see you next time.
30:33So let's see. We'll see you next time.
30:33So let's see. We'll see you next time.
30:33So let's see. We'll see you next time.
30:33So let's see. We'll see you next time.
30:33So let's see. We'll see you next time.
30:33And even though it's more diverse than these non -human primates, there was already a
30:33And even though it's more diverse than these non -human primates, there was already a
30:33And even though it's more diverse than these non -human primates, there was already a
30:33And even though it's more diverse than these non -human primates, there was already a
30:33And even though it's more diverse than these non -human primates, there was already a
30:33And even though it's more diverse than these non -human primates, there was already a
30:37pre -existing diversity of communication, whether it's intentional or unconscious, through facial expression in our
30:37pre -existing diversity of communication, whether it's intentional or unconscious, through facial expression in our
30:37pre -existing diversity of communication, whether it's intentional or unconscious, through facial expression in our
30:37pre -existing diversity of communication, whether it's intentional or unconscious, through facial expression in our
30:37pre -existing diversity of communication, whether it's intentional or unconscious, through facial expression in our
30:37pre -existing diversity of communication, whether it's intentional or unconscious, through facial expression in our
30:45ancestors. And on top of that, we humans now add the voice along with those
30:45ancestors. And on top of that, we humans now add the voice along with those
30:45ancestors. And on top of that, we humans now add the voice along with those
30:45ancestors. And on top of that, we humans now add the voice along with those
30:45ancestors. And on top of that, we humans now add the voice along with those
30:45ancestors. And on top of that, we humans now add the voice along with those
30:51facial expressions. So it's like an email, too.
30:51facial expressions. So it's like an email, too.
30:51facial expressions. So it's like an email, too.
30:51facial expressions. So it's like an email, too.
30:51facial expressions. So it's like an email, too.
30:51facial expressions. So it's like an email, too.
30:54You're emailing and someone says something by email.
30:54You're emailing and someone says something by email.
30:54You're emailing and someone says something by email.
30:54You're emailing and someone says something by email.
30:54You're emailing and someone says something by email.
30:54You're emailing and someone says something by email.
30:57Someone can interpret that angrily or gently, and it becomes ambiguous.
30:57Someone can interpret that angrily or gently, and it becomes ambiguous.
30:57Someone can interpret that angrily or gently, and it becomes ambiguous.
30:57Someone can interpret that angrily or gently, and it becomes ambiguous.
30:57Someone can interpret that angrily or gently, and it becomes ambiguous.
30:57Someone can interpret that angrily or gently, and it becomes ambiguous.
31:04The facial expressions get rid of that ambiguity.
31:04The facial expressions get rid of that ambiguity.
31:04The facial expressions get rid of that ambiguity.
31:04The facial expressions get rid of that ambiguity.
31:04The facial expressions get rid of that ambiguity.
31:04The facial expressions get rid of that ambiguity.
31:07I'm so glad you brought that out because my next question was and is about
31:07I'm so glad you brought that out because my next question was and is about
31:07I'm so glad you brought that out because my next question was and is about
31:07I'm so glad you brought that out because my next question was and is about
31:07I'm so glad you brought that out because my next question was and is about
31:07I'm so glad you brought that out because my next question was and is about
31:11written language. What is the process of going from a thought to language to written
31:11written language. What is the process of going from a thought to language to written
31:11written language. What is the process of going from a thought to language to written
31:11written language. What is the process of going from a thought to language to written
31:11written language. What is the process of going from a thought to language to written
31:11written language. What is the process of going from a thought to language to written
31:17word? And what's going on there?
31:17word? And what's going on there?
31:17word? And what's going on there?
31:17word? And what's going on there?
31:17word? And what's going on there?
31:17word? And what's going on there?
31:20What do we know about the neural circuitry?
31:20What do we know about the neural circuitry?
31:20What do we know about the neural circuitry?
31:20What do we know about the neural circuitry?
31:20What do we know about the neural circuitry?
31:20What do we know about the neural circuitry?
31:21What I think is going on is, to explain what you're asking, is about that
31:21What I think is going on is, to explain what you're asking, is about that
31:21What I think is going on is, to explain what you're asking, is about that
31:21What I think is going on is, to explain what you're asking, is about that
31:21What I think is going on is, to explain what you're asking, is about that
31:21What I think is going on is, to explain what you're asking, is about that
31:27I'm going to take it from the perspective of reading something.
31:27I'm going to take it from the perspective of reading something.
31:27I'm going to take it from the perspective of reading something.
31:27I'm going to take it from the perspective of reading something.
31:27I'm going to take it from the perspective of reading something.
31:27I'm going to take it from the perspective of reading something.
31:29You read something on a paper.
31:29You read something on a paper.
31:29You read something on a paper.
31:29You read something on a paper.
31:29You read something on a paper.
31:29You read something on a paper.
31:31The signal from the paper goes through your eyes.
31:31The signal from the paper goes through your eyes.
31:31The signal from the paper goes through your eyes.
31:31The signal from the paper goes through your eyes.
31:31The signal from the paper goes through your eyes.
31:31The signal from the paper goes through your eyes.
31:34It goes to the back of your brain to your visual cortical regions, eventually.
31:34It goes to the back of your brain to your visual cortical regions, eventually.
31:34It goes to the back of your brain to your visual cortical regions, eventually.
31:34It goes to the back of your brain to your visual cortical regions, eventually.
31:34It goes to the back of your brain to your visual cortical regions, eventually.
31:34It goes to the back of your brain to your visual cortical regions, eventually.
31:38That visual signal then goes to your speech pathway in the motor cortex in front
31:38That visual signal then goes to your speech pathway in the motor cortex in front
31:38That visual signal then goes to your speech pathway in the motor cortex in front
31:38That visual signal then goes to your speech pathway in the motor cortex in front
31:38That visual signal then goes to your speech pathway in the motor cortex in front
31:38That visual signal then goes to your speech pathway in the motor cortex in front
31:43here in Broca's area. And you silently speak what you read in your brain without
31:43here in Broca's area. And you silently speak what you read in your brain without
31:43here in Broca's area. And you silently speak what you read in your brain without
31:43here in Broca's area. And you silently speak what you read in your brain without
31:43here in Broca's area. And you silently speak what you read in your brain without
31:43here in Broca's area. And you silently speak what you read in your brain without
31:49moving your muscles. And sometimes, actually, if you put electrodes, EMG electrodes, on your laryngeal
31:49moving your muscles. And sometimes, actually, if you put electrodes, EMG electrodes, on your laryngeal
31:49moving your muscles. And sometimes, actually, if you put electrodes, EMG electrodes, on your laryngeal
31:49moving your muscles. And sometimes, actually, if you put electrodes, EMG electrodes, on your laryngeal
31:49moving your muscles. And sometimes, actually, if you put electrodes, EMG electrodes, on your laryngeal
31:49moving your muscles. And sometimes, actually, if you put electrodes, EMG electrodes, on your laryngeal
31:55muscles, even on Burge, you can do this.
31:55muscles, even on Burge, you can do this.
31:55muscles, even on Burge, you can do this.
31:55muscles, even on Burge, you can do this.
31:55muscles, even on Burge, you can do this.
31:55muscles, even on Burge, you can do this.
31:57You'll see activity there while reading or trying to speak silently, even though no sound's
31:57You'll see activity there while reading or trying to speak silently, even though no sound's
31:57You'll see activity there while reading or trying to speak silently, even though no sound's
31:57You'll see activity there while reading or trying to speak silently, even though no sound's
31:57You'll see activity there while reading or trying to speak silently, even though no sound's
31:57You'll see activity there while reading or trying to speak silently, even though no sound's
32:04coming out. And so your speech pathway is now speaking what you're reading.
32:04coming out. And so your speech pathway is now speaking what you're reading.
32:04coming out. And so your speech pathway is now speaking what you're reading.
32:04coming out. And so your speech pathway is now speaking what you're reading.
32:04coming out. And so your speech pathway is now speaking what you're reading.
32:04coming out. And so your speech pathway is now speaking what you're reading.
32:12Now, to finish it off, that signal is sent to your auditory pathway so you
32:12Now, to finish it off, that signal is sent to your auditory pathway so you
32:12Now, to finish it off, that signal is sent to your auditory pathway so you
32:12Now, to finish it off, that signal is sent to your auditory pathway so you
32:12Now, to finish it off, that signal is sent to your auditory pathway so you
32:12Now, to finish it off, that signal is sent to your auditory pathway so you
32:17can hear what you're speaking in your own head.
32:17can hear what you're speaking in your own head.
32:17can hear what you're speaking in your own head.
32:17can hear what you're speaking in your own head.
32:17can hear what you're speaking in your own head.
32:17can hear what you're speaking in your own head.
32:20That's incredible. And this is why it's complicated.
32:20That's incredible. And this is why it's complicated.
32:20That's incredible. And this is why it's complicated.
32:20That's incredible. And this is why it's complicated.
32:20That's incredible. And this is why it's complicated.
32:20That's incredible. And this is why it's complicated.
32:22Oh, and then you've got to write, right?
32:22Oh, and then you've got to write, right?
32:22Oh, and then you've got to write, right?
32:22Oh, and then you've got to write, right?
32:22Oh, and then you've got to write, right?
32:22Oh, and then you've got to write, right?
32:25Okay, here comes the fourth one.
32:25Okay, here comes the fourth one.
32:25Okay, here comes the fourth one.
32:25Okay, here comes the fourth one.
32:25Okay, here comes the fourth one.
32:25Okay, here comes the fourth one.
32:27Now, the hand areas next to your speech pathway has got to take that auditory
32:27Now, the hand areas next to your speech pathway has got to take that auditory
32:27Now, the hand areas next to your speech pathway has got to take that auditory
32:27Now, the hand areas next to your speech pathway has got to take that auditory
32:27Now, the hand areas next to your speech pathway has got to take that auditory
32:27Now, the hand areas next to your speech pathway has got to take that auditory
32:31signal or even the adjacent motor signals for speaking and translate it into a visual
32:31signal or even the adjacent motor signals for speaking and translate it into a visual
32:31signal or even the adjacent motor signals for speaking and translate it into a visual
32:31signal or even the adjacent motor signals for speaking and translate it into a visual
32:31signal or even the adjacent motor signals for speaking and translate it into a visual
32:31signal or even the adjacent motor signals for speaking and translate it into a visual
32:36signal on paper. So you're using at least four brain circuits, which includes the speech
32:36signal on paper. So you're using at least four brain circuits, which includes the speech
32:36signal on paper. So you're using at least four brain circuits, which includes the speech
32:36signal on paper. So you're using at least four brain circuits, which includes the speech
32:36signal on paper. So you're using at least four brain circuits, which includes the speech
32:36signal on paper. So you're using at least four brain circuits, which includes the speech
32:43production and the... speech perception pathways to write.
32:43production and the... speech perception pathways to write.
32:43production and the... speech perception pathways to write.
32:43production and the... speech perception pathways to write.
32:43production and the... speech perception pathways to write.
32:43production and the... speech perception pathways to write.
32:46Stutter is a particularly interesting case.
32:46Stutter is a particularly interesting case.
32:46Stutter is a particularly interesting case.
32:46Stutter is a particularly interesting case.
32:46Stutter is a particularly interesting case.
32:46Stutter is a particularly interesting case.
32:51What is the current neurobiological understanding of stutter and what's being developed in terms of
32:51What is the current neurobiological understanding of stutter and what's being developed in terms of
32:51What is the current neurobiological understanding of stutter and what's being developed in terms of
32:51What is the current neurobiological understanding of stutter and what's being developed in terms of
32:51What is the current neurobiological understanding of stutter and what's being developed in terms of
32:51What is the current neurobiological understanding of stutter and what's being developed in terms of
32:57treatments for stutter? Yeah, so we actually accidentally came across stuttering in songbirds.
32:57treatments for stutter? Yeah, so we actually accidentally came across stuttering in songbirds.
32:57treatments for stutter? Yeah, so we actually accidentally came across stuttering in songbirds.
32:57treatments for stutter? Yeah, so we actually accidentally came across stuttering in songbirds.
32:57treatments for stutter? Yeah, so we actually accidentally came across stuttering in songbirds.
32:57treatments for stutter? Yeah, so we actually accidentally came across stuttering in songbirds.
33:04And we've published several papers on this to try to figure out the neurobiological basis.
33:04And we've published several papers on this to try to figure out the neurobiological basis.
33:04And we've published several papers on this to try to figure out the neurobiological basis.
33:04And we've published several papers on this to try to figure out the neurobiological basis.
33:04And we've published several papers on this to try to figure out the neurobiological basis.
33:04And we've published several papers on this to try to figure out the neurobiological basis.
33:09The first study we had was a brain area called the basal ganglia, the striatum
33:09The first study we had was a brain area called the basal ganglia, the striatum
33:09The first study we had was a brain area called the basal ganglia, the striatum
33:09The first study we had was a brain area called the basal ganglia, the striatum
33:09The first study we had was a brain area called the basal ganglia, the striatum
33:09The first study we had was a brain area called the basal ganglia, the striatum
33:15part of the basal ganglia, involved in coordinating movements, learning how to make movements.
33:15part of the basal ganglia, involved in coordinating movements, learning how to make movements.
33:15part of the basal ganglia, involved in coordinating movements, learning how to make movements.
33:15part of the basal ganglia, involved in coordinating movements, learning how to make movements.
33:15part of the basal ganglia, involved in coordinating movements, learning how to make movements.
33:15part of the basal ganglia, involved in coordinating movements, learning how to make movements.
33:21When it was damaged in a speech -like pathway in these birds, what we found
33:21When it was damaged in a speech -like pathway in these birds, what we found
33:21When it was damaged in a speech -like pathway in these birds, what we found
33:21When it was damaged in a speech -like pathway in these birds, what we found
33:21When it was damaged in a speech -like pathway in these birds, what we found
33:21When it was damaged in a speech -like pathway in these birds, what we found
33:27is that they started to stutter as the brain region recovered.
33:27is that they started to stutter as the brain region recovered.
33:27is that they started to stutter as the brain region recovered.
33:27is that they started to stutter as the brain region recovered.
33:27is that they started to stutter as the brain region recovered.
33:27is that they started to stutter as the brain region recovered.
33:32And unlike humans, they actually recovered after three or four months.
33:32And unlike humans, they actually recovered after three or four months.
33:32And unlike humans, they actually recovered after three or four months.
33:32And unlike humans, they actually recovered after three or four months.
33:32And unlike humans, they actually recovered after three or four months.
33:32And unlike humans, they actually recovered after three or four months.
33:37And why is that the case?
33:37And why is that the case?
33:37And why is that the case?
33:37And why is that the case?
33:37And why is that the case?
33:37And why is that the case?
33:39Because bird brains undergoes new neurogenesis in a way that human or mammal brains don't.
33:39Because bird brains undergoes new neurogenesis in a way that human or mammal brains don't.
33:39Because bird brains undergoes new neurogenesis in a way that human or mammal brains don't.
33:39Because bird brains undergoes new neurogenesis in a way that human or mammal brains don't.
33:39Because bird brains undergoes new neurogenesis in a way that human or mammal brains don't.
33:39Because bird brains undergoes new neurogenesis in a way that human or mammal brains don't.
33:46And it was the new neurons that were coming in into the circuit, but not
33:46And it was the new neurons that were coming in into the circuit, but not
33:46And it was the new neurons that were coming in into the circuit, but not
33:46And it was the new neurons that were coming in into the circuit, but not
33:46And it was the new neurons that were coming in into the circuit, but not
33:46And it was the new neurons that were coming in into the circuit, but not
33:51quite, you know, with the right proper activity, was resulting in this stuttering in these
33:51quite, you know, with the right proper activity, was resulting in this stuttering in these
33:51quite, you know, with the right proper activity, was resulting in this stuttering in these
33:51quite, you know, with the right proper activity, was resulting in this stuttering in these
33:51quite, you know, with the right proper activity, was resulting in this stuttering in these
33:51quite, you know, with the right proper activity, was resulting in this stuttering in these
33:57birds. And after it was repaired, not exactly the old song came back after the
33:57birds. And after it was repaired, not exactly the old song came back after the
33:57birds. And after it was repaired, not exactly the old song came back after the
33:57birds. And after it was repaired, not exactly the old song came back after the
33:57birds. And after it was repaired, not exactly the old song came back after the
33:57birds. And after it was repaired, not exactly the old song came back after the
34:03repair, but still it recovered a lot better.
34:03repair, but still it recovered a lot better.
34:03repair, but still it recovered a lot better.
34:03repair, but still it recovered a lot better.
34:03repair, but still it recovered a lot better.
34:03repair, but still it recovered a lot better.
34:06And it's now known, they call this neurogenic stuttering in humans, with damage to the
34:06And it's now known, they call this neurogenic stuttering in humans, with damage to the
34:06And it's now known, they call this neurogenic stuttering in humans, with damage to the
34:06And it's now known, they call this neurogenic stuttering in humans, with damage to the
34:06And it's now known, they call this neurogenic stuttering in humans, with damage to the
34:06And it's now known, they call this neurogenic stuttering in humans, with damage to the
34:14basal ganglia or some type of disruption to the basal ganglia at a young age
34:14basal ganglia or some type of disruption to the basal ganglia at a young age
34:14basal ganglia or some type of disruption to the basal ganglia at a young age
34:14basal ganglia or some type of disruption to the basal ganglia at a young age
34:14basal ganglia or some type of disruption to the basal ganglia at a young age
34:14basal ganglia or some type of disruption to the basal ganglia at a young age
34:18also causes stuttering in humans.
34:18also causes stuttering in humans.
34:18also causes stuttering in humans.
34:18also causes stuttering in humans.
34:18also causes stuttering in humans.
34:18also causes stuttering in humans.
34:21And even those who are born with stuttering, it's often the basal ganglia that's disrupted
34:21And even those who are born with stuttering, it's often the basal ganglia that's disrupted
34:21And even those who are born with stuttering, it's often the basal ganglia that's disrupted
34:21And even those who are born with stuttering, it's often the basal ganglia that's disrupted
34:21And even those who are born with stuttering, it's often the basal ganglia that's disrupted
34:21And even those who are born with stuttering, it's often the basal ganglia that's disrupted
34:29than some other brain circuit.
34:29than some other brain circuit.
34:29than some other brain circuit.
34:29than some other brain circuit.
34:29than some other brain circuit.
34:29than some other brain circuit.
34:30And we think the speech part of the basal ganglia.
34:30And we think the speech part of the basal ganglia.
34:30And we think the speech part of the basal ganglia.
34:30And we think the speech part of the basal ganglia.
34:30And we think the speech part of the basal ganglia.
34:30And we think the speech part of the basal ganglia.
34:33Can adults who maintain a stutter from childhood repair that stutter?
34:33Can adults who maintain a stutter from childhood repair that stutter?
34:33Can adults who maintain a stutter from childhood repair that stutter?
34:33Can adults who maintain a stutter from childhood repair that stutter?
34:33Can adults who maintain a stutter from childhood repair that stutter?
34:33Can adults who maintain a stutter from childhood repair that stutter?
34:38There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, behavioral therapy.
34:38There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, behavioral therapy.
34:38There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, behavioral therapy.
34:38There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, behavioral therapy.
34:38There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, behavioral therapy.
34:38There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, behavioral therapy.
34:46And I think all of the tools out there have something to do with sensory
34:46And I think all of the tools out there have something to do with sensory
34:46And I think all of the tools out there have something to do with sensory
34:46And I think all of the tools out there have something to do with sensory
34:46And I think all of the tools out there have something to do with sensory
34:46And I think all of the tools out there have something to do with sensory
34:52motor integration, controlling what you hear.
34:52motor integration, controlling what you hear.
34:52motor integration, controlling what you hear.
34:52motor integration, controlling what you hear.
34:52motor integration, controlling what you hear.
34:52motor integration, controlling what you hear.
34:55There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, with what you output in
34:55There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, with what you output in
34:55There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, with what you output in
34:55There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, with what you output in
34:55There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, with what you output in
34:55There are ways to overcome the stuttering through, you know, with what you output in
34:58a thoughtful, controlled way helps reduce the stuttering.
34:58a thoughtful, controlled way helps reduce the stuttering.
34:58a thoughtful, controlled way helps reduce the stuttering.
34:58a thoughtful, controlled way helps reduce the stuttering.
34:58a thoughtful, controlled way helps reduce the stuttering.
34:58a thoughtful, controlled way helps reduce the stuttering.
35:02Texting is a very, very interesting evolution of language.
35:02Texting is a very, very interesting evolution of language.
35:02Texting is a very, very interesting evolution of language.
35:02Texting is a very, very interesting evolution of language.
35:02Texting is a very, very interesting evolution of language.
35:02Texting is a very, very interesting evolution of language.
35:08I wonder sometimes whether or not we are getting less proficient at speech because we
35:08I wonder sometimes whether or not we are getting less proficient at speech because we
35:08I wonder sometimes whether or not we are getting less proficient at speech because we
35:08I wonder sometimes whether or not we are getting less proficient at speech because we
35:08I wonder sometimes whether or not we are getting less proficient at speech because we
35:08I wonder sometimes whether or not we are getting less proficient at speech because we
35:14are not required to write and think in complete sentences.
35:14are not required to write and think in complete sentences.
35:14are not required to write and think in complete sentences.
35:14are not required to write and think in complete sentences.
35:14are not required to write and think in complete sentences.
35:14are not required to write and think in complete sentences.
35:20What do you think is happening to language?
35:20What do you think is happening to language?
35:20What do you think is happening to language?
35:20What do you think is happening to language?
35:20What do you think is happening to language?
35:20What do you think is happening to language?
35:22Are we getting better at speaking, worse at speaking, and what do you think the
35:22Are we getting better at speaking, worse at speaking, and what do you think the
35:22Are we getting better at speaking, worse at speaking, and what do you think the
35:22Are we getting better at speaking, worse at speaking, and what do you think the
35:22Are we getting better at speaking, worse at speaking, and what do you think the
35:22Are we getting better at speaking, worse at speaking, and what do you think the
35:27role of things like texting and tweeting and shorthand communication, hashtagging, what's that doing to
35:27role of things like texting and tweeting and shorthand communication, hashtagging, what's that doing to
35:27role of things like texting and tweeting and shorthand communication, hashtagging, what's that doing to
35:27role of things like texting and tweeting and shorthand communication, hashtagging, what's that doing to
35:27role of things like texting and tweeting and shorthand communication, hashtagging, what's that doing to
35:27role of things like texting and tweeting and shorthand communication, hashtagging, what's that doing to
35:33the way that our brains work?
35:33the way that our brains work?
35:33the way that our brains work?
35:33the way that our brains work?
35:33the way that our brains work?
35:33the way that our brains work?
35:35Texting actually has allowed for more rapid communication amongst people.
35:35Texting actually has allowed for more rapid communication amongst people.
35:35Texting actually has allowed for more rapid communication amongst people.
35:35Texting actually has allowed for more rapid communication amongst people.
35:35Texting actually has allowed for more rapid communication amongst people.
35:35Texting actually has allowed for more rapid communication amongst people.
35:41It's more like a use it or lose it kind of thing with the brain.
35:41It's more like a use it or lose it kind of thing with the brain.
35:41It's more like a use it or lose it kind of thing with the brain.
35:41It's more like a use it or lose it kind of thing with the brain.
35:41It's more like a use it or lose it kind of thing with the brain.
35:41It's more like a use it or lose it kind of thing with the brain.
35:47The more you use a particular brain region or circuit, the more enhanced, it's like
35:47The more you use a particular brain region or circuit, the more enhanced, it's like
35:47The more you use a particular brain region or circuit, the more enhanced, it's like
35:47The more you use a particular brain region or circuit, the more enhanced, it's like
35:47The more you use a particular brain region or circuit, the more enhanced, it's like
35:47The more you use a particular brain region or circuit, the more enhanced, it's like
35:52a muscle. The more you exercise it, the more healthier it is, the bigger it
35:52a muscle. The more you exercise it, the more healthier it is, the bigger it
35:52a muscle. The more you exercise it, the more healthier it is, the bigger it
35:52a muscle. The more you exercise it, the more healthier it is, the bigger it
35:52a muscle. The more you exercise it, the more healthier it is, the bigger it
35:52a muscle. The more you exercise it, the more healthier it is, the bigger it
35:57becomes and the more space it takes and the more you lose something else.
35:57becomes and the more space it takes and the more you lose something else.
35:57becomes and the more space it takes and the more you lose something else.
35:57becomes and the more space it takes and the more you lose something else.
35:57becomes and the more space it takes and the more you lose something else.
35:57becomes and the more space it takes and the more you lose something else.
36:00So I think texting is not decreasing the speech prowess or the intellectual prowess of
36:00So I think texting is not decreasing the speech prowess or the intellectual prowess of
36:00So I think texting is not decreasing the speech prowess or the intellectual prowess of
36:00So I think texting is not decreasing the speech prowess or the intellectual prowess of
36:00So I think texting is not decreasing the speech prowess or the intellectual prowess of
36:00So I think texting is not decreasing the speech prowess or the intellectual prowess of
36:08speech. It's converting it and using it a lot in a different way, in a
36:08speech. It's converting it and using it a lot in a different way, in a
36:08speech. It's converting it and using it a lot in a different way, in a
36:08speech. It's converting it and using it a lot in a different way, in a
36:08speech. It's converting it and using it a lot in a different way, in a
36:08speech. It's converting it and using it a lot in a different way, in a
36:13way that may not be as rich in regular writing because you can only communicate
36:13way that may not be as rich in regular writing because you can only communicate
36:13way that may not be as rich in regular writing because you can only communicate
36:13way that may not be as rich in regular writing because you can only communicate
36:13way that may not be as rich in regular writing because you can only communicate
36:13way that may not be as rich in regular writing because you can only communicate
36:19so much nuance in short -term writing.
36:19so much nuance in short -term writing.
36:19so much nuance in short -term writing.
36:19so much nuance in short -term writing.
36:19so much nuance in short -term writing.
36:19so much nuance in short -term writing.
36:23But whatever is being done, you've got people texting hours and hours and hours on
36:23But whatever is being done, you've got people texting hours and hours and hours on
36:23But whatever is being done, you've got people texting hours and hours and hours on
36:23But whatever is being done, you've got people texting hours and hours and hours on
36:23But whatever is being done, you've got people texting hours and hours and hours on
36:23But whatever is being done, you've got people texting hours and hours and hours on
36:29the phone. So whatever your thumb circuit is going to get pretty big, actually.
36:29the phone. So whatever your thumb circuit is going to get pretty big, actually.
36:29the phone. So whatever your thumb circuit is going to get pretty big, actually.
36:29the phone. So whatever your thumb circuit is going to get pretty big, actually.
36:29the phone. So whatever your thumb circuit is going to get pretty big, actually.
36:29the phone. So whatever your thumb circuit is going to get pretty big, actually.
36:35For those listening who are interested in getting better at speaking and understanding languages, are
36:35For those listening who are interested in getting better at speaking and understanding languages, are
36:35For those listening who are interested in getting better at speaking and understanding languages, are
36:35For those listening who are interested in getting better at speaking and understanding languages, are
36:35For those listening who are interested in getting better at speaking and understanding languages, are
36:35For those listening who are interested in getting better at speaking and understanding languages, are
36:42there any tools that you recommend?
36:42there any tools that you recommend?
36:42there any tools that you recommend?
36:42there any tools that you recommend?
36:42there any tools that you recommend?
36:42there any tools that you recommend?
36:45Should kids learn how to read hard books and simple books?
36:45Should kids learn how to read hard books and simple books?
36:45Should kids learn how to read hard books and simple books?
36:45Should kids learn how to read hard books and simple books?
36:45Should kids learn how to read hard books and simple books?
36:45Should kids learn how to read hard books and simple books?
36:48What do you recommend? Should adults learn how to do that?
36:48What do you recommend? Should adults learn how to do that?
36:48What do you recommend? Should adults learn how to do that?
36:48What do you recommend? Should adults learn how to do that?
36:48What do you recommend? Should adults learn how to do that?
36:48What do you recommend? Should adults learn how to do that?
36:50Everyone wants to know how to keep their brain working better, so to speak.
36:50Everyone wants to know how to keep their brain working better, so to speak.
36:50Everyone wants to know how to keep their brain working better, so to speak.
36:50Everyone wants to know how to keep their brain working better, so to speak.
36:50Everyone wants to know how to keep their brain working better, so to speak.
36:50Everyone wants to know how to keep their brain working better, so to speak.
36:54But also I think people want to be able to speak well and people want
36:54But also I think people want to be able to speak well and people want
36:54But also I think people want to be able to speak well and people want
36:54But also I think people want to be able to speak well and people want
36:54But also I think people want to be able to speak well and people want
36:54But also I think people want to be able to speak well and people want
36:58to be able to understand well.
36:58to be able to understand well.
36:58to be able to understand well.
36:58to be able to understand well.
36:58to be able to understand well.
36:58to be able to understand well.
36:59Yeah. What I've discovered personally, right, is that so when I switch from pursuing a
36:59Yeah. What I've discovered personally, right, is that so when I switch from pursuing a
36:59Yeah. What I've discovered personally, right, is that so when I switch from pursuing a
36:59Yeah. What I've discovered personally, right, is that so when I switch from pursuing a
36:59Yeah. What I've discovered personally, right, is that so when I switch from pursuing a
36:59Yeah. What I've discovered personally, right, is that so when I switch from pursuing a
37:06career, I think people want to be able to understand well.
37:06career, I think people want to be able to understand well.
37:06career, I think people want to be able to understand well.
37:06career, I think people want to be able to understand well.
37:06career, I think people want to be able to understand well.
37:06career, I think people want to be able to understand well.
37:06in science from a career in dance, I thought one day I would stop dancing.
37:06in science from a career in dance, I thought one day I would stop dancing.
37:06in science from a career in dance, I thought one day I would stop dancing.
37:06in science from a career in dance, I thought one day I would stop dancing.
37:06in science from a career in dance, I thought one day I would stop dancing.
37:06in science from a career in dance, I thought one day I would stop dancing.
37:12But I haven't because I find it fulfilling for me.
37:12But I haven't because I find it fulfilling for me.
37:12But I haven't because I find it fulfilling for me.
37:12But I haven't because I find it fulfilling for me.
37:12But I haven't because I find it fulfilling for me.
37:12But I haven't because I find it fulfilling for me.
37:16And there have been periods of time like during the pandemic where I slowed down
37:16And there have been periods of time like during the pandemic where I slowed down
37:16And there have been periods of time like during the pandemic where I slowed down
37:16And there have been periods of time like during the pandemic where I slowed down
37:16And there have been periods of time like during the pandemic where I slowed down
37:16And there have been periods of time like during the pandemic where I slowed down
37:19on dancing and so forth.
37:19on dancing and so forth.
37:19on dancing and so forth.
37:19on dancing and so forth.
37:19on dancing and so forth.
37:19on dancing and so forth.
37:22And when you do that, you realize, okay, there are parts of your body where
37:22And when you do that, you realize, okay, there are parts of your body where
37:22And when you do that, you realize, okay, there are parts of your body where
37:22And when you do that, you realize, okay, there are parts of your body where
37:22And when you do that, you realize, okay, there are parts of your body where
37:22And when you do that, you realize, okay, there are parts of your body where
37:26your muscle tone decreases a little bit and somewhat, or you could start to gain
37:26your muscle tone decreases a little bit and somewhat, or you could start to gain
37:26your muscle tone decreases a little bit and somewhat, or you could start to gain
37:26your muscle tone decreases a little bit and somewhat, or you could start to gain
37:26your muscle tone decreases a little bit and somewhat, or you could start to gain
37:26your muscle tone decreases a little bit and somewhat, or you could start to gain
37:30weight. I somehow don't gain weight that easily, and I think it's related to my
37:30weight. I somehow don't gain weight that easily, and I think it's related to my
37:30weight. I somehow don't gain weight that easily, and I think it's related to my
37:30weight. I somehow don't gain weight that easily, and I think it's related to my
37:30weight. I somehow don't gain weight that easily, and I think it's related to my
37:30weight. I somehow don't gain weight that easily, and I think it's related to my
37:33dance, if that's meaningful to your audience.
37:33dance, if that's meaningful to your audience.
37:33dance, if that's meaningful to your audience.
37:33dance, if that's meaningful to your audience.
37:33dance, if that's meaningful to your audience.
37:33dance, if that's meaningful to your audience.
37:36But what I found is in science, we like to think of a separation between
37:36But what I found is in science, we like to think of a separation between
37:36But what I found is in science, we like to think of a separation between
37:36But what I found is in science, we like to think of a separation between
37:36But what I found is in science, we like to think of a separation between
37:36But what I found is in science, we like to think of a separation between
37:40movement and action and cognition.
37:40movement and action and cognition.
37:40movement and action and cognition.
37:40movement and action and cognition.
37:40movement and action and cognition.
37:40movement and action and cognition.
37:43And there is a separation between perception and production.
37:43And there is a separation between perception and production.
37:43And there is a separation between perception and production.
37:43And there is a separation between perception and production.
37:43And there is a separation between perception and production.
37:43And there is a separation between perception and production.
37:47Cognition being perception, production being movement, right?
37:47Cognition being perception, production being movement, right?
37:47Cognition being perception, production being movement, right?
37:47Cognition being perception, production being movement, right?
37:47Cognition being perception, production being movement, right?
37:47Cognition being perception, production being movement, right?
37:51But if the speech pathways is next to the movement pathways, what I discover is
37:51But if the speech pathways is next to the movement pathways, what I discover is
37:51But if the speech pathways is next to the movement pathways, what I discover is
37:51But if the speech pathways is next to the movement pathways, what I discover is
37:51But if the speech pathways is next to the movement pathways, what I discover is
37:51But if the speech pathways is next to the movement pathways, what I discover is
37:56by dancing, it is helping me think.
37:56by dancing, it is helping me think.
37:56by dancing, it is helping me think.
37:56by dancing, it is helping me think.
37:56by dancing, it is helping me think.
37:56by dancing, it is helping me think.
38:00It is helping keeping my brain fresh.
38:00It is helping keeping my brain fresh.
38:00It is helping keeping my brain fresh.
38:00It is helping keeping my brain fresh.
38:00It is helping keeping my brain fresh.
38:00It is helping keeping my brain fresh.
38:02It's not just moving my muscles.
38:02It's not just moving my muscles.
38:02It's not just moving my muscles.
38:02It's not just moving my muscles.
38:02It's not just moving my muscles.
38:02It's not just moving my muscles.
38:04I'm moving or using the circuitry in my brain to control a whole big body.
38:04I'm moving or using the circuitry in my brain to control a whole big body.
38:04I'm moving or using the circuitry in my brain to control a whole big body.
38:04I'm moving or using the circuitry in my brain to control a whole big body.
38:04I'm moving or using the circuitry in my brain to control a whole big body.
38:04I'm moving or using the circuitry in my brain to control a whole big body.
38:11You need a lot of brain tissue to do that.
38:11You need a lot of brain tissue to do that.
38:11You need a lot of brain tissue to do that.
38:11You need a lot of brain tissue to do that.
38:11You need a lot of brain tissue to do that.
38:11You need a lot of brain tissue to do that.
38:14And so I argue if you want to stay cognitively intact into your old age,
38:14And so I argue if you want to stay cognitively intact into your old age,
38:14And so I argue if you want to stay cognitively intact into your old age,
38:14And so I argue if you want to stay cognitively intact into your old age,
38:14And so I argue if you want to stay cognitively intact into your old age,
38:14And so I argue if you want to stay cognitively intact into your old age,
38:20you better be moving. And you better be doing it consistently, whether it's dancing, walking,
38:20you better be moving. And you better be doing it consistently, whether it's dancing, walking,
38:20you better be moving. And you better be doing it consistently, whether it's dancing, walking,
38:20you better be moving. And you better be doing it consistently, whether it's dancing, walking,
38:20you better be moving. And you better be doing it consistently, whether it's dancing, walking,
38:20you better be moving. And you better be doing it consistently, whether it's dancing, walking,
38:25running, and also practicing speech oratory speech and so forth or singing is controlling the
38:25running, and also practicing speech oratory speech and so forth or singing is controlling the
38:25running, and also practicing speech oratory speech and so forth or singing is controlling the
38:25running, and also practicing speech oratory speech and so forth or singing is controlling the
38:25running, and also practicing speech oratory speech and so forth or singing is controlling the
38:25running, and also practicing speech oratory speech and so forth or singing is controlling the
38:33brain circuits that are moving your facial musculature.
38:33brain circuits that are moving your facial musculature.
38:33brain circuits that are moving your facial musculature.
38:33brain circuits that are moving your facial musculature.
38:33brain circuits that are moving your facial musculature.
38:33brain circuits that are moving your facial musculature.
38:36And it's going to keep your cognitive circuits also in tune.
38:36And it's going to keep your cognitive circuits also in tune.
38:36And it's going to keep your cognitive circuits also in tune.
38:36And it's going to keep your cognitive circuits also in tune.
38:36And it's going to keep your cognitive circuits also in tune.
38:36And it's going to keep your cognitive circuits also in tune.
38:39And I'm convinced of that from my own personal experience.
38:39And I'm convinced of that from my own personal experience.
38:39And I'm convinced of that from my own personal experience.
38:39And I'm convinced of that from my own personal experience.
38:39And I'm convinced of that from my own personal experience.
38:39And I'm convinced of that from my own personal experience.
38:42This has been an incredible conversation and opportunity for me to learn.
38:42This has been an incredible conversation and opportunity for me to learn.
38:42This has been an incredible conversation and opportunity for me to learn.
38:42This has been an incredible conversation and opportunity for me to learn.
38:42This has been an incredible conversation and opportunity for me to learn.
38:42This has been an incredible conversation and opportunity for me to learn.
38:47I know I speak for a tremendous number of people.
38:47I know I speak for a tremendous number of people.
38:47I know I speak for a tremendous number of people.
38:47I know I speak for a tremendous number of people.
38:47I know I speak for a tremendous number of people.
38:47I know I speak for a tremendous number of people.
38:49And I just really want to say thank you for joining us today.
38:49And I just really want to say thank you for joining us today.
38:49And I just really want to say thank you for joining us today.
38:49And I just really want to say thank you for joining us today.
38:49And I just really want to say thank you for joining us today.
38:49And I just really want to say thank you for joining us today.
38:53You are incredibly busy. It's clear from your description of your science and your knowledge
38:53You are incredibly busy. It's clear from your description of your science and your knowledge
38:53You are incredibly busy. It's clear from your description of your science and your knowledge
38:53You are incredibly busy. It's clear from your description of your science and your knowledge
38:53You are incredibly busy. It's clear from your description of your science and your knowledge
38:53You are incredibly busy. It's clear from your description of your science and your knowledge
38:57base that you are involved in a huge number of things.
38:57base that you are involved in a huge number of things.
38:57base that you are involved in a huge number of things.
38:57base that you are involved in a huge number of things.
38:57base that you are involved in a huge number of things.
38:57base that you are involved in a huge number of things.
39:00Very busy. So thank you for taking the time to speak to all of us.
39:00Very busy. So thank you for taking the time to speak to all of us.
39:00Very busy. So thank you for taking the time to speak to all of us.
39:00Very busy. So thank you for taking the time to speak to all of us.
39:00Very busy. So thank you for taking the time to speak to all of us.
39:00Very busy. So thank you for taking the time to speak to all of us.
39:04Thank you for the work that you're doing.
39:04Thank you for the work that you're doing.
39:04Thank you for the work that you're doing.
39:04Thank you for the work that you're doing.
39:04Thank you for the work that you're doing.
39:04Thank you for the work that you're doing.
39:06Thank you for inviting me here to get the word out to the community of
39:06Thank you for inviting me here to get the word out to the community of
39:06Thank you for inviting me here to get the word out to the community of
39:06Thank you for inviting me here to get the word out to the community of
39:06Thank you for inviting me here to get the word out to the community of
39:06Thank you for inviting me here to get the word out to the community of
39:11what's going on in the science world.
39:11what's going on in the science world.
39:11what's going on in the science world.
39:11what's going on in the science world.
39:11what's going on in the science world.
39:11what's going on in the science world.
39:12Well, we're honored and very grateful to you, Eric.
39:12Well, we're honored and very grateful to you, Eric.
39:12Well, we're honored and very grateful to you, Eric.
39:12Well, we're honored and very grateful to you, Eric.
39:12Well, we're honored and very grateful to you, Eric.
39:12Well, we're honored and very grateful to you, Eric.
39:15Thank you. You're welcome. Hank joined BJ's Wholesale Club the day he became a father
39:15Thank you. You're welcome. Hank joined BJ's Wholesale Club the day he became a father
39:15Thank you. You're welcome. Hank joined BJ's Wholesale Club the day he became a father
39:15Thank you. You're welcome. Hank joined BJ's Wholesale Club the day he became a father
39:15Thank you. You're welcome. Hank joined BJ's Wholesale Club the day he became a father
39:15Thank you. You're welcome. Hank joined BJ's Wholesale Club the day he became a father
39:24of 30. I coach football.
39:24of 30. I coach football.
39:24of 30. I coach football.
39:24of 30. I coach football.
39:24of 30. I coach football.
39:24of 30. I coach football.
39:26Now Coach Hank saves up to 25 % off grocery store prices.
39:26Now Coach Hank saves up to 25 % off grocery store prices.
39:26Now Coach Hank saves up to 25 % off grocery store prices.
39:26Now Coach Hank saves up to 25 % off grocery store prices.
39:26Now Coach Hank saves up to 25 % off grocery store prices.
39:26Now Coach Hank saves up to 25 % off grocery store prices.
39:3030 pounds of pasta, 3 cases of protein bars, 75 sports drinks.
39:3030 pounds of pasta, 3 cases of protein bars, 75 sports drinks.
39:3030 pounds of pasta, 3 cases of protein bars, 75 sports drinks.
39:3030 pounds of pasta, 3 cases of protein bars, 75 sports drinks.
39:3030 pounds of pasta, 3 cases of protein bars, 75 sports drinks.
39:3030 pounds of pasta, 3 cases of protein bars, 75 sports drinks.
39:34And that's just pregame. He knows teamwork and BJ's knows savings.
39:34And that's just pregame. He knows teamwork and BJ's knows savings.
39:34And that's just pregame. He knows teamwork and BJ's knows savings.
39:34And that's just pregame. He knows teamwork and BJ's knows savings.
39:34And that's just pregame. He knows teamwork and BJ's knows savings.
39:34And that's just pregame. He knows teamwork and BJ's knows savings.
39:39This is your home, Coach.
39:39This is your home, Coach.
39:39This is your home, Coach.
39:39This is your home, Coach.
39:39This is your home, Coach.
39:39This is your home, Coach.
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39:46Open soon. Limited time offer.
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